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THE GERMAN STATES. 575
they finally succumbed " partly through the effects of
chronic disease, partly as the result of violent suppression
which at times took the form of amalgamation with other
universities."*
This fate befell the university of Biitzow, which in 1789
was united with the academy of Rostock, those of Stuttgart
merged with the Tubingen high school in 1794, of Bonn
abolished the same year, of Koln, Treves, and Mainz,
which came to an end in 1798, of Bamberg, Dillingen,
Fulda, and Duisberg, abolished the first in 1803, the last
three in 1804.
The following towns lost their universities in the years
indicated: Helmstadt, Rinteln, and Altdorf in 1809, Frankfort-on-the-Oder
in 1811, Paderborn in 1815, Erfurt in
1816, Wittenberg andEllwangen in 1817, and Herborn and
Miinster (where, however, a theological and a philosophical
faculty continued to exist) in 1818.
The political revolutions of that period, which introduced
frequent changes in the map of Germany and assigned
different parts of the country now to this and now to that
State, exerted great influence upon the system of medical
education. Certain universities, such as those of Salzburg,
Innsbruck, Wiirzburg, and Freiburg, were subjected to continued
changes of organization, a circumstance by no means
conducive to the development of teaching. These conditions
were not improved until peace was obtained, and the
organization of States established by its means had begun
to assume a permanent form.
Besides the two great powers of Austria and Prussia
there existed from this time forth the kingdoms of Bavaria,
Wurtemberg, and Saxony, the first with its University of
Landshut (which till 1802 was situated at Ingolstadt and in
1826 was removed to Munich), and those of Wiirzburg and,
of Erlangen, the second with its academy at Tubingen, and
the third with high schools at Leipzig and Hanover,
together with the University of Gottingen ; then there were
* J. v. DOLLINGER: Die Universitaten sonst und jetzt, Miinchen 1867.