0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

58o MODERN TIMES.
natural sciences which was passed after the first year of
studentship and which like the former embraced zoology,
botany, mineralogy, chemistry and physics. The second
examination, which took place after four years' professional
study and consequently after attendance at the university
for five years, differed from the earlier form in that, besides
on anatomy, the candidate's knowledge was tested practically
on internal medicine, surgery, ophthalmology and
midwifery, he being called upon to treat two medical, two
surgical and one ophthalmic case during eight days, to perform
one ophthalmic and two other surgical operations on the
dead body, to apply two bandages, to examine two pregnant
women, to make two diagnoses, to perform two operations.
on the obstetric model, and to attend-two confinements..
In the oral examination anatomy and physiology formed
independent subjects ; pathological anatomy was associated
with general pathology and the history of medicine with
general therapeutics, while veterinary science, forensic
medicine, and hygiene were omitted.
The biennium practicum was curtailed to one year,.
which was devoted to attending lectures on forensic medicine,
state medicine, the treatment of mental diseases andt
veterinary science, to training in special departments, and
to practical work in the policlinics. Many during this
period also served as assistants in a hospital or with an
official of the sanitary department. The State examinatioa
was held at the end of the " practical year." This took.
place only in Munich and there only once a year. It was.
conducted by a Commission composed of professors,.
medical officials, and practising doctors nominated by the
Ministry, and included (i) special pathology and thera- ^
peutics, (2) surgery, (3) midwifery, (4) psychological medicine,
(5) state medicine, and (6) veterinary science, and.
was both oral and by writing. On passing this the license
to practise was granted*
* Regierungsblatt f. d. Konigreich Bayem i8c8, S. 2189 et seq., 1843, S-
433- 1858, S.-873.