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MEDICAL TEACHING. 33 r
there were apothecaries' shops in nearly all towns. They
were furnished with distilling apparatus, fire places and
furnaces for chemical and pharmaceutical operations,
druggists' wares and various surgical utensils, which were
there stored for sale* By an edict-of Louis XII. of the
year 1514 the apothecaries of Paris were liberated from
association with the grocers, with whom they had hitherto
been joined in a guild. Whoever devoted himself to the
business of an apothecary was obliged, in accordance with
the statutes issued by FRANCIS I., to have received a good
school-education and to have learrit as much as would'
enable him to understand the text-books written in the Latin
tongue and the pharmacopoeias ; and then to have gone
through a four-years' training in an apothecary's shop.
In Paris an arrangement was made that during the space
of a year students of pharmacy should attend two lectures
in every week upon the apothecary's art which should be
given by a specially competent and respectable member of
the medical faculty. The examination was held before a
commission composed of doctors and apothecaries and
consisted of a theoretical and a practical part; in the
latter the candidate was obliged to show knowledge and
experience on the subject of medicinal plants and, as a final
test of his ability, to make up five prescriptions.f
Clinical instruction also lay outside the scheme of uni­
versity teaching. The students of medicine betook them­
selves, for this, to their teacher or to some other doctor busily
engaged in practice who was able to give them opportuni­
ties either amongst his private patients or at a hospital at
which he was employed, of observing the sick and of learning
how to treat them. At some academies the professors
were required by law to give their pupils the necessary
introduction. At Vienna, Heidelberg, Wiirzburg, Ingol-
stadt and other places they were charged to take their
* H. PETERS: AUS pharmaceutischer Vorzeit, Berlin 1886, S. 25 et seq., u 1
et seq.
f PHILIPPE op. cit. S. 165 et seq.