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598 MODERN TIMES.
doubtful whether two examiners are required in the subjects
dealing with practical medicine while one examiner is sufficient
in each of the other subjects,lbecause by this arrangement
too great demands are made upon clinical material
but scantily available' in many .places )f again, two equally
qualified examiners are hardly ever to be found at the same
place ; and finally the supervision or control of one examiner
by the other does not appear to be more necessary here
than in the subjects connected: with the theory of medicine.
So 'too the present form of the last part of the Stateexamination
is unsatisfactory. Hygiene has no more claim
to be admitted as a subject for examination than have psychological
medicine, forensic medicine, veterinary science
and other branches of medical study.
On the other hand in spite of these few faults—and the
justice of the criticism has perhaps still to be proved—the
German system of medical education presents so many
advantages that it justly serves as a pattern which other
lands are glad to imitate.
ITALY.
THE system of medical teaching in Lombardy and Venetia
was organized in former times completely after the Austrian ;
model. The medical faculties of Padua and Pavia stood
in intimate relation to the universities of the other
countries belonging to the Austrian crown and gained
from them both inspiration and assistance on the path of
intellectual progress. The princes of the Austrian reigning
house, as is remarked by LODER,* directed " their efforts
towards good organization and satisfactory maintenance of
the public medical institutions."
In the States of the Church, medical study lasted for four
years in accordance with a decree of Pope LEO XII. dated
* E. V. LODER : Uber arztliche Verfassung und Untefricht in Italien .i. J.
1811, Leipzig 1812.