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FRANCE. 549
the professors, the hospital doctors and their assistants :
this has no connection with the Ecole Pratique intended for
•students but is conducted by a professor of anatomy and
his assistants and is used for making post-mortem exami­
nations, for practising operative surgery, and for scientific
research. There are laboratories, museums and work-rooms
for teaching physiology, histology, physics, chemistry and
the natural sciences : the natural history museum and the
botanical garden are made to serve the same purpose.
There are also professorships of physiology and the
natural sciences at the College de France and at the Ecole
Normale— an educational establishment for teachers of
advanced subjects : the professors give lectures, and faci­
lities are extended to the students of the medical faculty
to attend them.
The 14 clinics, which are under the direction of the pro­
fessors in ordinary and are thus an essential feature of the
official course of instruction, are not centred in one
hospital but are divided amongst the Hotel Dieu, the
Charite, the Pitie, the Clinique d'Accouchements, the
Hopital des Enfants Malades, the Necker, Cochin, and
Salpetriere Hospitals, and the Hopital du Midi. Every
medical student is bound to take part, during the last two
years of his studentship, in the medical visits to one hospital
and to perform the small services which are there assigned
to him.
The directors of the assistance publique assign the
doctors who give in their names to them for this service
to the various hospitals of Paris.
The arrangements at the other medical faculties and
schools of France are of a similar character to those existing
in Paris.
The student of medicine must on beginning his technical
studies show that he has received a satisfactory general
education. He is on this account required to possess the
diploma of Bachelier es Lettres which nearly corresponds
to the "Leaving-Certificate" (Abiturienten-Zeugniss) of the