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THE GERMAN STATES. 583
ferring of the diploma of Doctor, upon the strength of
which the governments of the different States granted a
license to practise.
In the kingdom of Hanover the physicians were trained
at the University of Gottingen, and the surgeons, who stood-
on a lower educational footing, at the Surgeons' School at
Hanover. The former went up for the examination for
the Doctorate after some seven semesters : this dealt with
all the chief departments of medicine but did not give a
right to practise. This license could only be obtained by
passing the State-examination which was held by a com­
mission nominated by the Government.
In Mecklenburg* also there existed formerly in addition
to the physicians who were educated, and took degrees, at
the University of Rostock, a class of surgeons who received
a more or less restricted license to practise their art by
passing an examination before the Medical College. The
license, to practise was granted by the government to the
Doctors of Medicine on the strength of their diplomas.
This arrangement of examinations was however altered to
suit the pattern of the examination arrangements in
Prussia even before the German imperial laws were intro­
duced.
In the Grand Duchy of Hesse there was only one class of
doctors. The study of medicine was not allowed until
after the conclusion of the studies at the gymnasium.
The medical examinations consisted of the following:—
(i) The examination in natural science; this included
mineralogy, botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry;
(ii) the examination in anatomy, which was theoretical
and practical, and very thorough; (iii) the final exami­
nation, which consisted of paper work, clinical work in
the wards, and a part held viva voce, in which all depart­
ments of medical science came into consideration, with the
exception of anatomy. Then followed writing an essay,
* DORNBLUTH : Darstellung der medicinischen Polizeigesetzgebung, Schwerin
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