0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

254 THE MIDDLE AGES.
pendent of the universities "because the latter were not in
connection with hospitals. When the student of medicine
had passed his bachelor's examination he endeavoured to» '.
educate himself in medical practice under the guidance of
the teacher whose theoretical lectures he had attended, or
of some other experienced doctor. For this purpose he
accompanied him when he visited his patients, and took
pains to get an opportunity at the hospitals of seeing how
people were relieved in their sufferings, and of learning the
art of giving such relief. As soon as he had acquired some
knowledge of this subject he was allowed to assist and represent
his master, and might begin, under the supervision and ^
•on the responsibility of the latter, himself to treat the patie$£s. ,
This method of medical education, which resembles that of .
to-day, was recommended in the arrangement of. medical.*
studies made by the Emperor FREDERICK II.
The young doctors at Salerno were placed, as has been
said, at the conclusion of the period of studentship. as ; * prescribed
by law, under the supervision of an older pi»
titioner for another year, as a necessary preliminary tqp.thl
independent exercise of their calling.
In the manuscript of GALEN belonging to the' 15th­
-century, preserved at Dresden, which has already been
mentioned several times, numerous initial miniatures are
found which refer to clinical teaching. Thus No. 93 fol.
461b shows a picture of a patient suffering from marasmus, J
and lying in bed ; near him stands a doctor dictating a pre-,;|
scription to his pupils; two nurses are also present. The |
illustration on fol. 565b represents a doctor demonstrating >
to his pupils two patients whose legs are covered with ^
ulcers. Fol. 468b shows a surgical operation on the leffJ
which the pupil is performing in presence of his teacher^
500b, the opening of an abscess in the axilla. In Co^TQg.
fol. 268b is seen a clinical visit to children, and on fol. i*58al
and fol. 295b naked pregnant women are represented!* ,.
* Cf. also Cod. Galeni No. 92, fol. 7b, 17b, 43a, 75b, 121a, 128a, 208a, 224a. 1
No. 93, fol. 458a, 471b, 475b, 482b, 496a, 504a, 535b, 560b.