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Ihr durchstudirt die gross' und kleine Welt, Urn es am Ende gehn zu lassen, Wie's Gott gefallt. Vergebens, dass ihr ringsum wissenschal'tlieh schweift, Ein Jeder lernt nur, was er lernen kann; GOETHE. Nature is made better by no mean, But nature makes that mean : so, o'er that art, Which you say adds to nature, is an art That nature makes. * * * * __ . , . This is an art Which does mend nature—change it rather : but The art itself is nature. SHAKESPEARE. Oui; cela etoit autrefois ainsi: mais nous avons change tout, wla ot «„„., (.«.„.„ maintenant la medecine d'une methode toute nouvelle? g MOLIERB. ' US faiSOnS °
A HISTORY * ••$• OF MEDICAL EDUCATION FROM THE MOST REMOTE TO THE MOST RECENT TIMES BY DR THEODOR PUSCHMANN PUBLIC PROFESSOR IN ORDINARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY EVAN H. HARE M.A. (OXFORD), F.R.C.S. (ENGLAND), L S.A. (LONDON) UNIVERSIDADE DE SAO f AULO LONDON H. K. LEWIS, 136 GOWSR STREET MDCCCXCI
Page 1: « iflfel • ^K^dj B»* • r^rf^X
Page 10 and 11: 60UECAO JOHN LANE BIBUOTECA/FSftUSP
Page 12 and 13: vi TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. under a gr
Page 14 and 15: viii PREFACE. If I have made use of
Page 16 and 17: X CONTENTS. PAGE 24.2 Teaching in A
Page 19 and 20: HISTORY OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. INTRO
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION. 3 by popular supersti
Page 23 and 24: t*7^*ifca> INTRODUCTION. Universiti
Page 25 and 26: «•*-*.- '• •- »•*'•' HI
Page 27 and 28: INDIA. 9 accomplishments of the pra
Page 29 and 30: INDIA. II man of wisdom and acquire
Page 31 and 32: .'K. INDIA. take surgery as the fou
Page 33 and 34: INDIA. 1 5 children or old men, tim
Page 35 and 36: INDIA. *7 how little importance the
Page 37 and 38: EGYPT. 19 care of an Egyptian oculi
Page 39 and 40: EGYPT. 21 this was written in the s
Page 41 and 42: EGYPT. 23 Anatomical teaching was n
Page 43 and 44: EGYPT. 25 dignities probably remain
Page 45 and 46: THE JEWS. 27 were served by those l
Page 47 and 48: THE JEWS. 29 also a surgeon in addi
Page 49 and 50: THE JEW'S. 31 appliances * and show
Page 51 and 52: THE PARSEES. 33 vere acquainted wit
Page 53 and 54: THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. 35 f
Page 55 and 56: THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. spre
Page 57 and 58: THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. 39 t
Page 59 and 60:
THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. 41
Page 61 and 62:
THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. 43 o
Page 63 and 64:
THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. 45 t
Page 65 and 66:
THE GREEKS BEFORE HIPPOKRATES. 47 a
Page 67 and 68:
THE TIME OF HIPPO*KRATES. 49 •tio
Page 69 and 70:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. multitude
Page 71 and 72:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 53 order t
Page 73 and 74:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 55 after t
Page 75 and 76:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES., to die mu
Page 77 and 78:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 59 into th
Page 79 and 80:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 6l ' The n
Page 81 and 82:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 63 The tyi
Page 83 and 84:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 65 of midw
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THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 67 The Brj
Page 87 and 88:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 69 him int
Page 89 and 90:
THE TIME OF HIPPOKRATES. 71 over to
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IN ALEXANDRIA. 73 The contact of th
Page 93 and 94:
IN ALEXANDRIA. 75 Academies. In fri
Page 95 and 96:
IN ALEXANDRIA. 77 information, but
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IN ALEXANDRIA. 79 leaders of the Al
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IN ALEXANDRIA. gl Alexandria flouri
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MEDICINE IN ROME. dominion and even
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MEDICINE IN ROME. 85 The increased
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MEDICINE IN ROME. 87 world wide pow
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MEDICINE IN ROME. 89 •cessful res
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MEDICINE IN ROME. 9 r tives, emetic
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MEDICINE IN ROME. 93 contain a mult
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MEDICINE IN ROME. 9$ ments, GALEN t
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. Greeks an
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. granted t
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. IOI by RU
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. 103 of te
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. 105 endea
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. 107 The W
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. IO9 gave
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. I II ston
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. .113 MART
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•:'.i: MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME,
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MEDICAL TEACHING IN ROME. 117 arous
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-* MEDICAL TEACHING-IN ROME. I 19 M
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-nf^j/uuiytfuAu-n J.V. ,..i... ftm
Page 141 and 142:
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IN ROME. I 2
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THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IN ROME. 125
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iiMipHP(iJJ|il. ."T»""P &4. ' THE
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
A I THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY 1
Page 155 and 156:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY 137 R
Page 157 and 158:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY. 139/
Page 159 and 160:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY. 141
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
¥• THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY 149,
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY. the
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
ARABIAN CIVILIZATION. For the Koran
Page 175 and 176:
ARABIAN CIVILIZATION. 157 Antioch a
Page 177 and 178:
ARABIAN CIVILIZATION. of HADJI KHAL
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ARABIAN CIVILIZATION. l6l first pri
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MEDICAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABS. as
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MEDICAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABS. 16
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Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
MEDICAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABS. I
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
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MEDICAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABS. l8
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MEDICINE AMONG THE GERMANS. 185 in
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MEDICINE AMONG THE GERMANS. municat
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MEDICINE AMONG THE GERMANS. 189 Of
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MEDICINE AMONG THE GERMANS. 191 boy
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MEDICINE AMONG THE GERMANS. medical
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MEDICINE AMONG THE GERMANS. 195 ast
Page 215 and 216:
THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 197 THE SCHO
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THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 199 The fame
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THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 201 faith. A
Page 221 and 222:
THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 203 function
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THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 205 of pneum
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THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 207 passage
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THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 209 If the d
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THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. 211 MATTHOUS
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THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF MONTPELLIER.
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
THE MOST ANCIENT ACADEMIES OF ITALY
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
THE MOST ANCIENT ACADEMIES OF FRANC
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THE MOST ANCIENT ACADEMIES OF FRANC
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THE OTHER UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE. 2
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Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
THE TRAINING OF DOCTORS IN GENERAL.
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
TEACHING IN ANATOMY. 243 at Dresden
Page 263 and 264:
TEACHING IN ANATOMY 245 in the case
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••*'W" "*"'"' TEACHING IN ANATO
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TEACHING IN ANATOMY. 249 such use o
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PHARMACY AND MEDICAL PRACTICE. 251
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS. 26l MEDICAL E
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MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS. 263 by the me
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MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS. means forbidd
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SURGERY AND MIDWIFERY. 267 distingu
Page 287 and 288:
SURGERY AND MIDWIFERY. 269 universi
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SURGERY AND MIDWIFERY. 271 the pati
Page 291 and 292:
SURGERY AND MIDWIFERY. 273 4 the se
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SURGERY AND MIDWIFERY. 275 a rule i
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278 THE MIDDLE AGES. dukes of Savoy
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280 THE MIDDLE; AGES. In Prague in
Page 300 and 301:
282 THE MIDDLE AGES. science and of
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THE MIDDLE AGES." composed a " litt
Page 304 and 305:
286 RECENT TIMES. The suppression o
Page 306 and 307:
288 ... ..RECENT TIMES.; Greek life
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290 RECENT TIMES. influence on othe
Page 310 and 311:
292 RECENT TIMES. the people were a
Page 312 and 313:
294 RECENT TIMES. fruit foi? this p
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296 RECENT TIMES. consistence than
Page 316 and 317:
298 RECENT TIMES. examinations of t
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3°° RECENT TIMES. sequelae which
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302 RECENT TIMES. PARE states that
Page 322 and 323:
304 RECENT TIMES. , after returning
Page 324 and 325:
306 RECENT TIMES'. quacks who often
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3o8 RECENT TIMES. inflammatory dise
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310 RECENT TIMES. cology. Numerous
Page 330 and 331:
3I2 RECENT TIMES. coercive measures
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314 RECENT TIMES. the centre of the
Page 334 and 335:
316 RECENT TIMES. ment, which, on g
Page 336 and 337:
318 RECENT TIMES. k_, r , . - - In
Page 338 and 339:
o2Q RECENT TIMES. ing, manners- and
Page 340 and 341:
322 RECENT TIMES. bere (1593)* At f
Page 342 and 343:
3 2 4 RECENT TIMES. CALCKER, certai
Page 344 and 345:
326 RECENT TIMES. teaching power wa
Page 346 and 347:
328 RECENT TIMES. choose a mode of
Page 348 and 349:
RECENT TIMES. lor of medicine who w
Page 350 and 351:
332 RECENT TIMES. pupils occasional
Page 352 and 353:
334 RECENT TIMES. •I peutics of i
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, # ' 'f 336 RECENT TIMES. _ _ ^ ;
Page 356 and 357:
338 RECENT TIMES. surgeons arose al
Page 358 and 359:
34° RECENT TIMES. with which it co
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342 RECENT TIMES. made important pr
Page 362 and 363:
344 RECENT TIMES. means of chemical
Page 364 and 365:
34 6 RECENT TIMES. quently devoted
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348 RECENT TIMES. time possible, by
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35° RECENT TIMES. carefully and co
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2 RECENT TIMES. 35 vices to physics
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354 RECENT TIMES. from connective t
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356 RECENT TIMES. PIGHI, BELLINI an
Page 376 and 377:
•358 RECENT TIMES. was the first
Page 378 and 379:
360 RECENT TIMES. blood-current, he
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362 RECENT TIMES. the stomach exerc
Page 382 and 383:
3 6 4 RECENT TIMES. the force in qu
Page 384 and 385:
2,66 RECENT TIMES. the sense of tas
Page 386 and 387:
368 RECENT'TIMES. structures arise
Page 388 and 389:
37° RECENT TIMES.*, appearance of
Page 390 and 391:
372 RECENT TIMES. attributed dilata
Page 392 and 393:
374 RECENT TIMES. the changes which
Page 394 and 395:
376 RECENT TIMES. NER and ELSE went
Page 396 and 397:
378 RECENT TIMES. influence on poli
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380 RECENT TIMES. recommended, by w
Page 400 and 401:
382 RECENT TIMES. in their composit
Page 402 and 403:
384 RECENT TIMES. "L'Homme Machine"
Page 404 and 405:
386 RECENT TIMES. important arid va
Page 406 and 407:
388 RECENT TIMES. yearly average am
Page 408 and 409:
39° RECENT TIMES. generally speaki
Page 410 and 411:
39 2 RECENT TIMES. there during the
Page 412 and 413:
394". RECENT TIMES.' of Herborn STE
Page 414 and 415:
396 RECENT TIMES. MEDICAL TEACHING
Page 416 and 417:
398 RECENT TIMES. LI text-book deal
Page 418 and 419:
400 RECENT TIMES. when they had no
Page 420 and 421:
402 RECENT TIMES. faculties, " but
Page 422 and 423:
4°4 RECENT TIMES. was assigned for
Page 424 and 425:
406 RECENT TIMES. DUVERNEY as copie
Page 426 and 427:
RECENT TIMES. tive of pathological
Page 428 and 429:
410 RECENT TIMES. 1710, and of that
Page 430 and 431:
4I2 £** ,,„ RECENT TJMES. ease i
Page 432 and 433:
414 RECENT TIMES. opinion that no o
Page 434 and 435:
416 RECENT TIMES. importance of the
Page 436 and 437:
418 RECENT TIMES. and theoretical l
Page 438 and 439:
420 RECENT TIMES. Royal, body-surge
Page 440 and 441:
422 RECENT TIMES. of operations.* W
Page 442 and 443:
424 RECENT TIMES. The students of t
Page 444 and 445:
426 RECENT TIMES. on this subject:
Page 446 and 447:
428 RECENT TIMES. operation for cat
Page 448 and 449:
430 RECENT TIMES. Already in the 17
Page 450 and 451:
432 RECENT TIMES. nature in the act
Page 452 and 453:
RECENT TIMES. was to give lectures
Page 454 and 455:
436 RECENT TIMES. The curriculum wh
Page 456 and 457:
438 RECENT TIMES. was so great that
Page 458 and 459:
IV.—MEDICAL TEACHING IN MODERN TI
Page 460 and 461:
442 MODERN TIMES. who preached the
Page 462 and 463:
444 MODERN TIMES. the present day h
Page 464 and 465:
446 MODERN TIMES. scopical formatio
Page 466 and 467:
MODERN TIMfiS^S- and wide an intere
Page 468 and 469:
450 MODERN TIMES. rendered the theo
Page 470 and 471:
45 2 MODERN TIMES. not certainly ju
Page 472 and 473:
454 MODERN TIMES. LAVOISIER'S doctr
Page 474 and 475:
456 MODERN TIMES. are manifestation
Page 476 and 477:
458 MODERN TIMES. crafts and indust
Page 478 and 479:
460 MODERN TIMES. heat of bodies, i
Page 480 and 481:
462 MODERN TIMES. logical anatomy,
Page 482 and 483:
464 MODERN TIMES. So too it was inc
Page 484 and 485:
466 MODERN TIMES. branch of learnin
Page 486 and 487:
468 MODERN TIMES. subject still for
Page 488 and 489:
47° MODERN TIMES. Other investigat
Page 490 and 491:
47 2 MODERN TIMES. possible to trac
Page 492 and 493:
474 MODERN TIMES. application of th
Page 494 and 495:
476 MODERN TIMES. The stability and
Page 496 and 497:
478 MODERN TIMES. corporeal lesions
Page 498 and 499:
480 MODERN TIMES. phenomena of the
Page 500 and 501:
482 MODERN TIMES. enriched by the a
Page 502 and 503:
484 ' ••-?c. MODERN TIMES. the
Page 504 and 505:
486 MODERN TIMES. tarsus and at the
Page 506 and 507:
488 MODERN TIMES. Great services we
Page 508 and 509:
49° MODERN TIMES. auscultation of
Page 510 and 511:
492 MODERN TIMES. for ophthalmic pr
Page 512 and 513:
494 MODERN TIMES. health, as the op
Page 514 and 515:
496 MODERN TIMES. 1 **&%, considere
Page 516 and 517:
49§ MODERN TIMES. doctor in France
Page 518 and 519:
MODERN TIMES. it has become more an
Page 520 and 521:
502 MODERN TIMES. privilege of.'hol
Page 522 and 523:
5°4 MODERN TIMES. law, arts and sc
Page 524 and 525:
5° 6 MODERN TIMES. connected with
Page 526 and 527:
^08 MODERN TIMES. dogma dominates t
Page 528 and 529:
510 MODERN TIMES. CAIRN. In 1770 th
Page 530 and 531:
CI 2 MODERN TIMES. .« ' .** •* i
Page 532 and 533:
514 MODERN TIMES. ments of the hosp
Page 534 and 535:
516 MODERN TIMES. examination of pa
Page 536 and 537:
518 MODERN TIMES. anatomy and surge
Page 538 and 539:
520 MODERN TIMES. and therapeutics,
Page 540 and 541:
522 MODERN TIMES. and the Faculty o
Page 542 and 543:
524 MODERN TIMES. examination in ar
Page 544 and 545:
526 MODERN TIMES. Those who desire
Page 546 and 547:
528 MODERN TIM'ES. The formation of
Page 548 and 549:
53° MODERN TIMES. Asylum, in the l
Page 550 and 551:
532 MODERN TIMES. The successful ca
Page 552 and 553:
534 MODERN TIMES. exemplified by a
Page 554 and 555:
53^ *' MODERN TIMES. parental prote
Page 556 and 557:
538 MODERN TIMES. fesseur et la ban
Page 558 and 559:
54° MODERN TIMES. Besides the regu
Page 560 and 561:
54 2 MODERN TIMES. Grand Master sto
Page 562 and 563:
544 MODERN TIMES. preparatoires. Of
Page 564 and 565:
546 MODERN TIMES. year. They are di
Page 566 and 567:
548 MODERN TIMES. dissecting and wa
Page 568 and 569:
550 MODERN TIMES. German gymnasiums
Page 570 and 571:
552 MODERN TIMES. the sciences anci
Page 572 and 573:
-554 MODERN TIMES. sional circles.
Page 574 and 575:
556 MODERN TIMES. I lectures were g
Page 576 and 577:
558 MODERN TIMES. •conformity wit
Page 578 and 579:
560 MODERN TIMES. the administratio
Page 580 and 581:
562 MODERN TIMES. special pathology
Page 582 and 583:
5 6 4 MODERN TIMES. being designate
Page 584 and 585:
566 MODERN TIMES. sultative functio
Page 586 and 587:
568 MODERN TIMES. value to them in
Page 588 and 589:
57° MODERN TIMES. ship at the univ
Page 590 and 591:
572 MODERN TIMES. many of, the crow
Page 592 and 593:
574 MODERN TIMES. requirements of m
Page 594 and 595:
576 MODERN TIMES. the grand duchies
Page 596 and 597:
578 MODERN TIMES. finally the candi
Page 598 and 599:
58o MODERN TIMES. natural sciences
Page 600 and 601:
582 MODERN TIMES. conferred by the
Page 602 and 603:
584 MODERN TIMES. taking part in di
Page 604 and 605:
586 MODERN TIMES. ' * ' >\ ' of whi
Page 606 and 607:
588 MODERN TIMES. made compulsory f
Page 608 and 609:
59° MODERN TIMES. anatomy, physiol
Page 610 and 611:
59 2 MODERN TIMES. supervision of t
Page 612 and 613:
594 MODERN TIMES. answer questions
Page 614 and 615:
6 MODERN TIMES. 59 acted as assista
Page 616 and 617:
598 MODERN TIMES. doubtful whether
Page 618 and 619:
600 MODERN TIMF.S. State universiti
Page 620 and 621:
602 MODERN TIMES. sciences, physics
Page 622 and 623:
604 MODERN TIMES. Whoever approache
Page 624 and 625:
606 MODERN TIMES. being composed in
Page 626 and 627:
608 MODERN TIMES. practical work, a
Page 628 and 629:
6lO MODERN TIMES. The course of stu
Page 630 and 631:
612 MODERN TIMES. To these must be
Page 632 and 633:
614 MODERN TIMES. education. The co
Page 634 and 635:
6l6 MODERN TIMES. previously taught
Page 636 and 637:
6l8 MODERN TIMES. In many countries
Page 638 and 639:
•620 MODERN TIMES. schools of man
Page 640 and 641:
622 MODERN TIMES. matics and the na
Page 642 and 643:
624 MODERN TIMES. opportunities for
Page 644 and 645:
626 MODERN TIMES. they have nothing
Page 646 and 647:
628 MODERN TIMES. Even in Germany a
Page 648 and 649:
630 MODERN TIMES. examiners than pe
Page 650 and 651:
632 MODERN TIMES. is a dangerous th
Page 652 and 653:
634 MODERN TIMES. Differences of op
Page 654 and 655:
636 MODERN TIMES. •unalterable li
Page 656 and 657:
638 INDEX OF NAMES. Asoka, 17. Astr
Page 658 and 659:
640 INDEX OF NAMES. Colombo, R., 29
Page 660 and 661:
642 INDEX Gevicka, Nicolaus de, 235
Page 662 and 663:
644 Krinas, 125- Ktesias, 49. Kiihl
Page 664 and 665:
646 INDEX OF NAMES. Napoleon I., 54
Page 666 and 667:
648 INDEX OF NAMES. Salimbeni, 244.
Page 668:
• 6 •j *"!•' . "F 5 ..VlIDEXQ
Page 673:
ORIENTAÇÕES PARA O USO Esta é um
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