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MEDICAL PROFESSION AND LITERATURE. 281
in any case it was frequently eluded, stipends, dispensations
* and many other arrangements offering even a direct
invitation to ignore it. All the same, this much was accom­
plished, that priests at least held themselves aloof from per­
forming surgical operations and treating women..' On the
other hand medical teaching was still at many academies
left for some time in their hands. The reason being that
sometimes benefices were associated with the position of
teacher, and the tenure of these benefices presupposed the
priestly character of, the incumbent. Thus for example H.
LURCZ, professor of medicine at the University of'Vienna,
was at the same time minister of Hohlfeld in Bavaria; he
kept a substitute there and gave lectures himself in Vienna.t
As a result of such conditions at many universities celibacy
was demanded of the teachers of medicine. When in 1479
the Elector PHILIP wished to install a layman as Professor
of medical science in Heidelberg, the Academy protested
because he was not a clergyman. This matter was only
carried through after the Pope in 1482 had given per­
mission that laymen, even when married, might be created
Professors of Medicine. J In Paris, where so much import­
ance was attached to celibacy that JEAN DE POIS was de­
prived of his license in 1395 because he had married, these
rules were abolished in 1452 by Cardinal D'ESTOUTEVILLE.
In many cases the matter was passed over in silence and the
benefices given to candidates who could not satisfy all the
provisions of the canonical law.§
Clericalism made its predominating influence felt in
every walk of public and private life. It triumphantly
associated itself with all the intellectual efforts, which so
numerously manifested themselves during the period of
scholasticism. It dominated even the literature of natural
* A. CORRADI in Rend. d. R. ist. Lomb. 1873, Ser. ii, v. vi, p. 863.
f ASCHBACH op. cit. i, S. 410.
X J. F. HAUTZ op. cit.
§ PAULSEN in SYBEL'S histor. Zeitschr. Bd. 45, S. 310, 434.—HEFELE: Conciliengeschichte
vii, 355. y-