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262 THE MIDDLE AGES.
degree. Before granting this it was required that the
bachelor besides having attended lectures should have
taken part in discussions, and should have been catechized
by the professors on more than one occasion, should have
given lectures himself, have assisted at anatomical demonstrations
and have thoroughly trained himself in the
practical art of healing. The examinations were moreover
held by the medical faculty and consisted of the exposition
of one of the aphorisms of HIPPOKRATES, the description ,
of certain diseases and the answering of questions connected
with these subjects. If the result was favourable,J
the candidate was presented by two members of the
faculty to the Chancellor of the University, who conferred
the license upon him in a solemn manner.
,. As the dignity of Chancellor was always vested in a high
ecclesiastic who looked upon himself as the representative
Of the Pope, the highest patron of teaching, it resulted that.
this act took place in the Church. It bore therefore some-,.
what of a religious character, which excluded members of
other faiths, as for example Jews, from obtaining the license:
but even at a very early period a way out of this difficulty
seems to have been found, the granting of the license in
such cases being transferred to the faculty* _ The doctors,
who had in the examinations shown their fitness for
medical practice and had received permission to practise,
were called Masters or Magistri.
After the title of Doctor had become usual among the
jurists at Bologna t and had found entrance into all schools
of law, the medical faculties began also to make use
of it. The word "Doctor" occurs even in the litera­
ture of antiquity J and there indicates a teacher ( fron >
docere). In this sense the title of Doctor was given also|
i
* DE RENZI op. cit. p. 558, 572. ., *
t SAVIGNY op. cit. i, 476.—GRUNER'S Almanach fur Arzte, Jena 1789, b. |
• 250 et seq. jj
X CICERO : de orat. i, 19.—SUETON.: Caesar c. 42.—Valer. Maxim, n, 3--P
QUINTILIAN : Instit.orat. xi, 3, xii, 2.—ERSQH and GRU&ER: Encyklop. sect. I, ;
i Th.2-s,S.23fetseq. "*•