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410
RECENT TIMES.
1710, and of that at Klattau in Bohemia in 1733.* The
training of the apothecaries resembled that for a handicraft.
The scientific knowledge required of them was
insignificant.f Thus F HOFFMANN wrote: " An apothecary
must be acquainted with the fact that an acid and an
alkali (i.e., a carbonate) if mixed together effervesce, but it
is quite sufficient if he knows the effect even though he has
nothing to say as to the cause." Another duty fell upon
the apothecaries in addition to making up medicines, that,
namely, of preparing and administering clysters. This
business was very profitable at one time, for LOUIS XIII.
j,"in a single year had 212 clysters given him, in addition to
' 215 purgings. A Canon of Troyes in the space of two
years brought the record up to the inconceivable number of
2,190, a fact which has been preserved for posterity because'
c he refused to pay the fees demanded, and was consequently
sued for them. Clysters were in fact the fashion, and
thY ladies of Paris whispered in strict confidence to one
another that the secret of NlNON DE L'ENCLOS, who preserved
to advanced age her greatly-admired beauty, rested
purely and simply upon the frequent use she made of them-t
CLINICAL TEACHING IN THE SEVENTEENTH
AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES.
THE greatest acquisition gained by medical education
this period consisted in the introduction of clinical instruction
into most universities and the adoption of it by them as
one of the subjects in their curriculum, The first attempts
which were made in this direction, as has been mentioned,
in the 16th century at Padua had no lasting effect^and
exerted no visible influence upon the other universities.» Tothe
University of Leyden the credit is due, of having made
* H. PETERS op. cit. S. 78 et seq. «
f F. HOFFMANN : Medicus politicus, Lugd. Batav. 1746, ii, 2, c. 16.
X PHILIPPE op. cit. S. 131 et seq.
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