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AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 569
chiefly to enlarge and improve the schools—by making the
examinations more severe, and by other means.
At the same time it is surely desirable that some new
medical schools should be erected to relieve the over­
crowding of the medical faculties. This might be done,
for instance, in Salzburg, once the seat of a university,*
where the necessary .buildings and appliances for teaching
exist already in a measure, or at least could be easily
found, and where moreover the enchanting beauty and
magnificence of the surrounding country would attract
students from far and wide, even from abroad; or again in
Briinn or Olmiitz, in Lemberg or Czernowitz, in Agram,
and in one or two places in Hungary. Some of these
towns already possess several faculties, so that they only
want the addition of medical faculties to become complete
universities.
In 1872 new regulations for medical examinations were
published by which separate diplomas for the different
branches of medicine were abolished. Up to that time
there were Doctors of Medicine, Doctors and Masters of
•Surgery, accoucheurs, and oculists, but as early as 1843 it
was decreed that diplomas in surgery, midwifery, and
ophthalmology should be granted only to such candidates
as were already Doctors of Medicine, or if they belonged to
the lower category of doctors to such as had taken the
degree of Master of Surgery. With the abolition of this
lower category of practitioners it was resolved for the
future to educate only one class of doctors enjoying the
same preliminary training, following the same course of
studies, examined by the same rules, and advanced finally
to the title of Doctors of Medicine, with which was asso-
-ciated the. right to practise all branches of their art.
Whoever wishes to be admitted to the study of medicine
must have finished his studies at the gymnasium, and have
passed the " maturity " examination. The period of student-
* J. MAYR : Dieehemalige Universitat Salzburg, 1859.—L. SPATZENEGGER:
Die Salzburger Universitat, Salzburg 1872.