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SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 601
logical anatomy, surgery, internal medicine and midwifery
—they receive a license to practise medicine. In order to
get the doctorate the practitioners must compose an essay
and support several theses by argument.
The teaching staffs of the medical faculties are composed
of ordinary and extraordinary professors, who are distin­
guished only by the difference in the amount of the stipends /
which they draw ; of incaricati, who are commissioned to
teach some special subject; and of private teachers. The
appointment to the professorships is ordinarily the result j
of competition in written and oral examinations, or merely f
the production by the candidates of any scientific work I
they may have done. In cases where it is a question of a
learned man of acknowledged reputation, candidature is
disregarded, and he is summoned to occupy the professorial
chair.*
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
IN Spain, too, the custom of granting the right to practise
particular branches of medicine has been given up. At the
present day there exists but one class of doctors, the
licenciados en medicina y chirurgia, along with persons
•of inferior position w 7 ho render surgical aid, amongst whom
may be numbered the practicantes (surgical assistants) and
the dentistas. Anyone beginning the study of medicine
must furnish proof that he has received a general scientific
preliminary education, and must possess the degree of
Bachiller en artes. Medical study may be pursued through­
out at the universities, but this is not compulsory.
Medical faculties exist at the academies of Madrid,
Barcelona, Granada, Salamanca, Santiago de Compostela,
Seville, Cadiz, Valencia, Valladolid and Saragossa. The
•students devote the first year of studentship to the natural
* TOMMASI-CRUDELI in the Riv. Clin, di Bologna, 1876.—Regio decreto N
2621, Roma 1884.
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