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578
MODERN TIMES.
finally the candidate's theoretical knowledge on all the
subjects taught was tested. If the candidate aspired to the
degree of Doctor of Surgery as well as Doctor of Medicine
he had also to perform an operation on the dead body and
to apply a bandage. With the composition of an essay
and the defence of theses proposed to him, all demands on
the candidate's knowledge, which preceded the granting
of the degree, were satisfied. This, however, by no means
carried with it a legal right to practise, for the young
doctor had still to improve himself in practical medicine
during two years in the wards of a hospital, or under the
guidance of a busy practitioner, and after that to undergo
an examination which consisted, firstly, of a qualifying
part in which ten questions on internal medicine, surgery,
midwifery, veterinary science, and forensic medicine had
to be answered on paper under strict rules of isolation, a
case of illness to be investigated and questions to be
answered orally; and secondly of a competitive part the
object of which was to select the ablest candidates with a
view to securing them for the service of the State, and
which was limited chiefly to paper work under strict rules
of isolation, upon subjects connected with practical
medicine.
Doctors acquired practical ability as obstetricians in a
lying-in establishment.
Besides doctors of medicine there were "country
practitioners" and surgeons who were taught in special
schools.
A new order of studies and examinations for medical
students was promulgated on the 30th of May, 1843. In
this it was decreed that after a course of two years' study
at the university they should pass the "admission'
examination, which embraced the subjects of zoology,
botany, mineralogy, chemistry, and physics. Then the
special medical studies began, which after three years—
that is, in all, a five years' course of university study—were
terminated by an examination. In anatomy the studenl