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242
THE MIDDLE AGES.
bachelors were also bound to teach the young students by
translating and expounding extracts from the medical
writings of the ancient authors, and by giving lectures
on certain parts of medical science. Here, too, usage
resulted in the formation of definite rules : thus it was
established in Paris that there should be 50 lectures upon
the Aphorisms of HIPPOKRATES, 30 upon the book de
regimine, 38 on acute diseases, and 36 upon the Prognostics*
There is no doubt that this method of teaching
had many advantages for the students. The Jesuits, who
introduced it afterwards into their schools, have to thank it
in great measure for the successful results which they
obtained.
TEACHING IN ANATOMY.
MEDICAL teaching in the universities bore thus essentially
a theoretical character; only in certain subjects were
attempts made to join with it practical demonstrations.
k, For while anatomy was taught chiefly from books, it was
•*• likewise illustrated by drawings and sketches, by the
', examination of the living body, and by the dissection of
"' dead animals and of the human subject. Unfortunately
but few anatomical drawings of this period have been
preserved. HENRI DE MONDEVILLE, who was first a professor
in Montpellier, and afterwards physician in ordinary
•'•» to PHILIP LE BEL of France (1285-1314) added thirteen'
illustrations to his Anatomy, as GuiDO DE CAULIACO states.t ,
The royal library at Berlin possesses the college note-bookj
of a student, who in 1304 copied down the lectures delivered
there; on the margin are rough pen and ink sketches,
for which H. DE MONDEVILLE'S drawings served probably
as a copy. A parchment manuscript of the beginning of
the 15th cefntury which is preserved in the Royal Library g
* SABATIER op. cit.
t GUY VON CHAULIAC : Chirurgia, Tract. 1, doctr. 2, c. 1.