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HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 603.
a higher class depends. The examinations are both
theoretical and practical and in some respects very strict 1
thus the candidate is required to treat 10 patients during
20 days independently. The result being satisfactory
the license to practise is granted. The title of Doctor is
indicative of a more complete scientific education. It is
required in the case of those, for instance, who are desirous
of teaching at the medical faculty of Coimbra. To get it
the candidate has to pass an examination and write an
essay. The professors are the examiners. The professor­
ships are conferred after competition.*
HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.
VARIOUS classes of doctors were formerly educated in
Holland, and were licensed to engage partly in medical,.
partly in surgical practice, and to settle either in the
country only or anywhere they pleased. They acquired
their professional knowledge either at the universities or
at the medical schools which were in connection with cer­
tain hospitals. In 1865 a law was passed ordering that,.
from that time forth, doctors should not be licensed to
practise special branches of the healing art, but should
practise medicine as a whole and should possess an uncon­
ditional right of settling where they pleased.f At the
same time the hospital schools were abolished and the
education of doctors handed over to the medical faculties.
At the present time Holland possesses the three univer­
sities of Leyden, Utrecht and Groningen which are suppor­
ted by the State, and the Municipal Academy of Amsterdam
which arose out of the Athenaeum;—a high school the his­
tory of which reaches back to 1632,—and which in 1877
was raised into a university.J
* B. A. SERRA DE MIRABEAU : Mcmoria historica e commemorativa da
faculdade de medicina, Coimbra 1872.
t Das Medicinalwesen im Konigreich der Niederlande, Haag 1870.
X Revue internat. de l'enseignement, Paris 1881, i, 77 et seq.