0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

THE GERMAN STATES. 579
was required to open one of the great cavities of the body
and to demonstrate the viscera contained therein, also to
describe one preparation dissected by himself, and certain
others illustrating the anatomy of the bones, vessels, or
nerves : in the other branches the examination was oral.
After this followed the biennium practicum, a period
passed principally in the clinics and great hospitals, and
devoted to training in special departments of medicine.
At the conclusion of the biennium practicum the final
examination took place; this superseded the qualifying and
competitive examinations which were abolished. The
candidate who presented himself for this had to furnish
proofs that he had treated three medical and three surgical
cases in the clinic and had attended three confinements,
and he was obliged to submit reports of these cases before
being admitted to the examination.
This consisted of (a) a practical part, viz., performing
three surgical operations on the dead body, applying three
bandages, and carrying out three obstetric operations on a
model; (b) an oral examination on (1) anatomy and physio­
logy* ( 2 ) pharmacology and dispensing, (3) general patho­
logy and therapeutics, (4) special pathology and thera­
peutics of internal diseases, (5) surgery, (6) midwifery,
(7) veterinary science, and (8) forensic medicine and
hygiene; (c) some paper work, the questions set being
upon the eight subjects above mentioned, and the candidate
being isolated. To this were added successively the hand-
ing-in of an essay, the defence of theses, and the granting
•of the degree.
The student was thus obliged to attend the university
for seven years before getting the doctor's degree which
also gave the right to practise. It was sufficient moreover
to entitle him to hold an appointment in the sanitary ser­
vice, no further examination being required for this. The
faculties had complete control over the examinations.
The regulation for examinations dated 22nd June, 1858,
substituted for the " admission " examination, one in the