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270
THE MIDDLE AGES.
The medical faculty of Paris endeavoured to render it easier I
for the latter to become trained surgeons by inaugurating I
lectures for them in 1491, which were delivered in the
French language, and dealt with the various parts of surgery |
and the art of operating* In fact, out of the condition of *
barbers there arose a great number of surgeons, some of «
whom by the introduction of improvements have rendered
imperishable services to the healing art.
In the other countries of Christian Europe surgery was in
a more debased condition than in Italy and France. If the ;
' "i
Netherlander, JEHAN YPERMAN, in the 13th, and the English- \
man, JOHN ARDERN, in the 14th 'century, far excelled in
knowledge their colleagues in their respective countries,
they owed this entirely to the circumstance that they had ,'
received their technical education in France. In Spain only
do more favourable conditions appear to have prevailed '
for some time. In Saragossa the doctors were examined
in surgery, and received the title of Medico-Surgeons; an
arrangement which was not abolished until 1585^
What kind of practitioners practised surgery in Germany,
certain facts which are reported as having occurred at the
end of the 12th century sufficiently indicate. When the
Margrave DEDO VON ROCHLITZ UND GROIX had to accompany
the Emperor HENRY VI., in 1190, to Italy, he feared
the hot climate and the fatigues of the journey on account
of his corpulence ; he summoned a doctor who straightway!
laid open his body in order to extract the fat. It is notsur-|
prising that the Margrave sank under this singular operation.J ;
In 1195 LEOPOLD V., Duke of Austria, broke his leg through
a fall from his horse, and in such a way that the broken ends
of the bone protruded through the skin. His doctors treated
him with plasters and medicines until mortification set in.;
They refused to submit the limb to amputation, although;'
* HAZON : op. cit.
t V. DE LA FUENTE: op. cit. ii., p. 479.
X Chron. mont. seren, ed. ECKSTEIN in the Progr. d. latein. Hauptschule zu
Halle, Halle 1844, p. 53.