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SWITZERLAND. 607
were recognized as sufficient to confer the right to practise
medicine throughout the country.
Nowhere do there exist so many academies and high
schools in proportion to the population as in Switzerland.
On the one hand there are the universities of Basle, Zurich,
•and Berne,* where teaching is carried on in German; on
the other hand, the university of Geneva and the academies
of Lausanne and Neufchatel, in which the lectures are de­
livered in French. The four universities, and since recently
the academy of Lausanne, possess medical faculties. The
universities of Zurich, Berne, and Geneva have only been
founded during the course of the 19th century, and their
medical faculties have been developed out of medical and
surgical schools. They are at the present day in the same
position in regard to teachers and the appliances for teach­
ing as their sister-institutions in Germany.
The medical examinations are arranged after the German
pattern, and are held at Basle, Berne, Zurich, Geneva, and
Lausanne. The members of the examination commissions
are selected from the professors of the medical faculties and
from practitioners of proved ability, and are nominated for
the period of four years. The examinations are as follows :
(1) in natural science, comprising physics, chemistry,
botany, and zoology, with comparative anatomy ; (2) the
anatomical and physiological, which is at least as severe as
in Germany; and (3) the special medical examination,
which, like the immediately preceding one, is partly prac­
tical, partly oral or on paper, and embraces pathological
anatomy, medicine, surgery, midwifery and gynaecology,
ophthalmology, forensic medicine and hygiene, materia
medica, and mental diseases.t It is noteworthy that the
conditions of admission to the medical examinations are
stricter than in other countries, for the candidate is re­
quired to furnish procf that he has attended lectures on the
most important branches of medicine, has taken part in
* ED. MULLER : Die Hochschule Bern von 1834-1884, Bern 1884.
f Verordnung der eidgenoss. Medicinalpriifungen vom 19. Marz 1888.