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574 MODERN TIMES.
requirements of medical education; some arrangement
similar to the stage in the medical schools of France
and England might be thought of to supply this defect*
Whether, in view of the want of this, the present method
of examination in practical medicine, in which no provision
is made for the prolonged observation and treatment
of patients, is sufficient to enable an examiner to decide
upon the fitness of a candidate for medical practice, is a
matter which may reasonably be doubted.
If after the' last rigorosum there were still another final
examination embracing the most important subjects which
had been taught, it would serve not only as a check upon
the previous examinations but would render it possible to
make a final summing up of the candidate's knowledge.
The Austrian administration of education, eagerly desirous
as it is of improving the system of medical training and of
rendering it complete by the erection of new schools and
the foundation of new professorships, must extend a benevolent
indulgence to these remarks and excuse them on the
ground of the author's interest in the subject which is great
enough to have evoked them.
THE GREATER AND LESSER GERMAN STATES
BEFORE THE FOUNDATION OF THE GERMAN
EMPIRE.
THE condition of political dismemberment into which th
ancient German Empire had fallen, and the autonomy of
the various countries which had composed it led to the
foundation of numerous academies, many of which for long
dragged on a miserable existence. They lacked both
teachers and pupils, and they possessed neither appliances
for teaching nor assured incomes to meet indispensable
requirements. They were therefore not much missed when
* Even P. FRANK (vi, Abth. 2, S. 2G6) was anxious that all members of the
junior medical staff at the Vienna General Hospital should be authorized to
give clinical instruction.