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482 MODERN TIMES.
enriched by the addition of a great number of remedies.
Chemistry has shown us the way to extract the active
principles of many vegetable and animal substances so that
they may be used in therapeutics, while avoiding undesirable
effects due to the admixture of other bodies with such active
'principles. A number of alkaloids, especially of narcotic
drugs, were thus discovered and introduced into medicine,
for example morphia, in 1804, simultaneously by SERTUR-
NER and SEGUIN; cantharidine, in 1812, by ROBIQUET;
strychnine in 1818 and quinine in 1820, by PELLETIER and
CAVENTON; veratrine, in 1818, by MEISSNER; caffeine,
in 1820, by RuNGE; solanine, in 1821, by DESFOSSES;
conine, in 1830, by GEIGER ; atropine, in 1831, by MEIN ;
'r'aconitia, in 1833, by HESSE; colchicine by GEIGER and
" : F HESSE; cocaine, in 1859, cumarine, curarine, saponine,
'.. pantonine, pilocarpine, pepsine, pancreatine, etc. For
"*" many other remedies such as iodine, discovered, in 1811, by
• COURTOIS in the waste liquors produced in the manufacture
of carbonate of soda; bromine discovered by BALARD, in
^ 1826; iodide of potassium, bromide of potassium, chloro-
C': form, iodoform, chloral hydrate, salicylic acid, and carbolic
acid we have to thank the progress made in chemistry,
whereas others again like kamala, kusso, condurango, etc.,
have been brought to Europe from distant parts of the
world. Their effects upon the healthy and diseased
oro-anism have been studied as well as the most suitable
way of using them.
In regard to the application of remedies the healing art
in the nineteenth century has made important progress;
the introduction of subcutaneous injections by PRAVAZ and
A. WOOD, of treatment by inhalation, and of pulmonary
therapeutics with the excellently adapted apparatus which
supplies the diseased respiratory organs with vapour in
a more or less concentrated state as required, are real
advances in the method of exhibiting curative agents.
The foundation on a scientific basis of balneology, climatology
in relation to disease and its cure, hydrotherapeutics,