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602 MODERN TIMES.
sciences, physics, and chemistry, and the following six
years to medical subjects. After this they are subjected to
an examination consisting of three parts, the first being
theoretical, and embracing all branches of medicine, and
the two others being of a practical character, and held
partly at the bed-side, partly in the post-mortem room.
The candidate receives on passing this the license to.
practise, but not the degree of doctor. If he desires the
latter he is obliged to study for another year, devoting this
time to the completion of his medical education, and toattending
lectures on the history of medicine, medical
geography,- hygiene, biology and many other subjects i
finally he has to compose an essay and to support theses by
argument. The title of Doctor is only granted to those
practitioners who manifest an active interest in the advance
of science: it affords no advantage in practice, and is
sought for only by those who aspire to professorships or
high positions in the public sanitary service.
Portugal has a medical faculty at Coimbra and two
medico-surgical schools at Lisbon and Oporto. They differ
from one another in the first being more richly supplied
with the means of instruction and with professorships than
the two last and alone having the right to grant the title of
Doctor. The school of Lisbon, by reason of the great
hospital which has been consigned to it for teaching purposes,
enjoys the reputation of giving a superior education
in practical medicine and more particularly in surgery.
There is now only one class of doctors, since the licenciati
minores who had but a limited right to practise have
been abolished. No one is admitted to the study of medicine
until he has shown in an examination that he has
received a certain amount of general education. Attendance
on lectures is compulsory. The curriculum demands
five years' work. Examinations are held at the end of
every year, and upon the result of these promotion into