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488 MODERN TIMES.
Great services were rendered to lithotrity by GRU1THUISEN,
CIVIALE, LEROY D'ETIOLLES, N. HEURTELOUP and others
by the invention and improvement of instruments. The
cure of stricture of the urethra was attempted by caustic
bougies, by gradual or forcible dilatation, or by urethrotomy.
The removal of a kidney by operation was first accomplished
by O. SlMON while splenectomy—an operation
undertaken as early as in the 16th century,—since the time
of QuiTTENBAUM has been performed in a methodical
manner, all the.rules of surgical art being observed* The
long-known operation of gastrotomy led to gastrostomy,—
to the establishment of an artificial gastric fistula—a
measure introduced by EGEBERG and SEDILLOT into
surgical therapeutics. Resection of the stomach or
oesophagus, and extirpation of the larynx have only been
ventured upon in our own time.
Rhinoplastic operations in the 17th and 18th centuries
had become entirely forgotten. In 1742 the medical
faculty of Paris declared the accounts left by TAGLIACOZZI
upon the subject to be purely imaginary, and the operative
procedure said to have been adopted by him to be impossible.
Then English journals in 1794 brought the news
that the art of replacing the loss of a nose by means of a
plastic operation was practised in India by the natives.f
European doctors studied the methods of operating in
use, imitated them, and then tried the old Italian procedure :
finally they generalized the operation by directing their
attention to the replacement of the lips and eyelids, to the
closure of abnormal openings, etc. Through the labours of
C. F. GRAEFE, DELPECH, DIEFFENBACH, B. LANGENBECK
and others, plastic operations reached a high degree of perfection.
The transplantation of pieces of skin to replace a
loss of substance as after burns, or of periosteum and bone
for the purpose of making a firm support, and the attempts
* ADELMANN in the Archiv f. Id in. Chirurgie 1887, Bd. 36, H. 2.
f E. ZEIS op. cit. S. 208 el seq.