0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 585
several categories of practitioners were distinguished ; fOr
instance the doctors who had received diplomas and who
were entitled either to practise medicine only or medicine
in conjunction with surgery, and surgeons of the first and
second class, who were also entitled to practise midwifery
and ophthalmic surgery if they had passed the necessary
examinations.
The doctors with diplomas were educated at the universities.
On matriculating it was necessary for the student to
furnish a proof that he had completed his course of study at
the gymnasium and had passed the " leaving " examination.
He had then to devote himself during four years to medical
study and during the last year to attendance on the clinics.
There were the following examinations: (1) the tentamen
fhilosophicum which was introduced in 1826, included
logic and psychology, physics, chemistry, mineralogy,
botany and zoology, and was held by the professors of the
faculty of philosophy in the presence of the dean of the
medical faculty; (2) the tentamen medicum and examen
•rigorosum which consisted of a written portion, precautions
being taken that the candidate received no help, and an oral
.examination, and which dealt with every subject which had
been taught: these, if passed successfully, entitled the
candidate to his degree; (3) the State-examination which
took place only in Berlin and gave the right to practise.
While the tentamen medicum was held before the dean
and the rigorosum before the professors of the medical
faculty, at the State-examination " theoretically and practically
educated men of science from all branches of medicine"
were employed as examiners. Professors and other
university teachers were intended to be excluded on
principle from examining, and at most were admitted as
examiners only in subjects which they did not teach. No
member of this Examination-Commission, which was appointed
annually by the Ministry, was at liberty to exercise
his functions longer than two years.
The State-examination was composed of several parts,