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AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 563
• to defend by argument a position taken up on a point of
.medical science.
The examination for the doctorate of surgery differed
from this chiefly in the circumstance that instead of
internal medicine, surgery formed the chief subject and the
candidates had to perform two surgical operations on the
dead body.
When a Doctor of Medicine desired to take the degree of
Doctor of Surgery or vice versa, he had only to pass a
supplementary examination which was concerned with
questions which had been too little dwelt upon in the
previous examination. The demands made upon those
who were satisfied with the title of Master of Surgery
were of a less severe character. And the case was the
.same with the country doctors. A' diploma in ophthalmic
surgery was also granted, but the class of rupture-curers,
:so-called, was abolished.
In 1822 the period of studentship at the Josefinum was also
lengthened to five years for the greater and to three years
for the lesser course, and the curriculum which had been
introduced at the medical faculties was made the founda­
tion of the teaching there. The institution consequently
received the right of granting all academic degrees. The
•order of studies for the year 1833 gives evidence of no
essential alteration either in the teaching or in the exami­
nations; but ophthalmology received more attention than
previously.
In 1845 a commission of experts was appointed and
took counsel together upon the faults in the system of
medical teaching and made proposals for improvements.
But before any final decision was arrived at the year 1848
was reached, and during it a complete revolution was
effected in these matters. The professors of the Vienna
medical faculty submitted a plan of reform for medical
study,to the newly created Ministry of Education: in it
attention was drawn to the inconvenience of both the
College of Teachers and the Associated Doctors of Vienna