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PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 589
partial change in the system of medical study and exami­
nations.
In the years 1848 and 1849 the medical schools of
Breslau, Greifswald, Miinster, and Magdeburg, which had
up to that time served, together with the medical faculties,.
as places for the education of surgeons, and had been
founded only a few decades before, were closed and done
away with, so that for the future no more practitioners of
this kind were produced.
The law of the 8th of October, 1852, ordained that from
that time forth there should be only one class of doctors,
who should be obliged to pass all the examinations, and
consequently be entitled to practise all branches of medicine..
They were to be educated at the university only, and to
pass the tentamen philosophicum, the tentamen medicumy
the examen rigorosum, and, finally, the State-Examination..
The last consisted of the identical parts which had up till
this time composed the examination prescribed for the
doctors with university diplomas and the surgeons ; but
the portion which dealt with clinical surgery was merged
with the examination upon operative surgery and the
examination on midwifery was made a special part of the
State-examination. This consisted therefore of examinations
on anatomy, medicine, surgery and midwifery, and a
final examination to which only those were admitted who
had passed the others creditably. Some changes rendered
necessary by the scientific requirements of the times were
afterwards introduced into this arrangement of examinations.
Thus in 1856 the anatomical examination assumed
another form by the subject of physiology being added to
it, and consisted of an anatomical part devoted to a practical
testing of the candidate's knowledge of osteology and
splanchnology (situs viscerum) together with the preparation
of a dissection to show the course of nerves, and a
physiological part including histology
In 1861 the tentamen philosophicum was abolished and
its place taken by the tentamen physicum, in which