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2IO THE MIDDLE AGES.
be guilty of no fraud in this matter. At the same time it
was specified what advance of price they might allow themselves
to make on medicines which perhaps had to be kept
in stock for a long time before being used, and a prospect
was given of a law being made regulating the number
of apothecaries' shops in the various towns of the country*
Moreover inspectors were nominated who had to. supervise
the preparation of medicines, and to attest the satisfactory
character of this by their certificates; in Salerno itself the
teachers of medicine exercised supervision in this matter, t
"At the same time we ordain," it is said in the same passage,
«that no one shall give lectures on medicine and surgery
elsewhere than in Salerno, or assume the title of teacher,
unless he has been carefully examined in the presence of
our officials and of the teachers of these arts." The punish- ,
ment of death was imposed on the officials who violated
their duties in giving effect to these laws.
The rules of -the Emperor FREDERICK II. served as a
pattern for succeeding arrangements in medical studies^
They formed the first attempts at a state organization for
the same. Unfortunately in the following centuries the
influence of the secular power was in this as in other
domains thrust into the background by the increasing
authority of the clergy. This fact gave a distinct colouring
to civilization, and governed the development of univer­
sities up to the most recent times.
The medical school of Salerno flourished in the i ith and
12th centuries. In this period it displayed an important
literary activity to which witness is borne by the works
of GARIOPONTUS, PETRONCELLUS, ALPHANUS, the two
COPHOS the Platearii, of CONSTANTINUS AFRICANUS, who
by his translations contributed greatly to make Salernian
doctors acquainted with Arabian medicine; by the Dispensatory
of BARTHOLOM^US, which soon after was translated
into German,% the writings of AFFLACIUS, ARCHI-
* Hist, diplom. Frid. II, op. cit. p. 236. t op. cit. p. 151, tit. 47.
X Jos. HAUPT in den Sitzungsber. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Philos-histor. Kl.,
Wien 1872, Bd. 71, S. 451 ft seq.