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THE GERMAN STATES. 581
After the foundation of the German empire medical study
and examinations were arranged upon a uniform plan in the
different states which composed it. These, however,
retained the right of making legal regulations for the
education of those doctors who were to be employed in the
public sanitary service. For this purpose a law was
promulgated in Bavaria in the year 1876, which ordained
that candidates for the medical appointments in the service
of the State must give proof, both orally and by writing, of
their knowledge of forensic medicine, public hygiene,
sanitary regulations, and psychological medicine. In the
kingdom of Wiirtemberg the students of medicine used
formerly to pass their first examination at the conclusion of
the course of study. It was both oral and on paper; it
took place before the medical faculty of Tiibingen, and was
divided into three parts: (1) on the natural sciences,
including zoology, botany, mineralogy, physics, chemistry,
anatomy, and physiology; (2) on medical subjects
represented by general and special pathology, pathological
anatomy, and therapeutics, and (3) on surgical subjects,
dealing with special surgical pathology, operations, and
topographical anatomy* Upon this followed a year of
wider practical training, devoted to hospital work or to
travelling in pursuit of scientific knowledge, and then the
State examination, which was held by the medical college
of Stuttgart, and consisted of medical, surgical, and obstetric
portions : it was not only conducted orally and on paper,
but was also of a practical character, patients being
examined and treated, and operations performed on the
dead body and on models.
In the Grand Duchy of Baden, also, a license to practise
was acquired by passing a State-examination, for the most
part theoretical, and conducted by a commission, which was
generally composed of members of the medical college.
The doctorate was quite independent of this, and was
* V. A. RIECKE : Das Medicinalwesen des Konigreichs Wiirtemberg, Stuttgart
1856.