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6 THE MIDDLE AGES.
laws of CONRAD about excluding persons professing other
than the Christian faith from the school; and yet such were
doubtless to a certain extent repelled by the powerful
influence which the bishop was allowed to possess there.
Nevertheless there were still in the 13th and 14th centuries
many Jewish students and doctors at this place, among
them JACOB BEN MACHIR, better known under the name
of PROFATIUS, who was probably even engaged as a
teacher* In the year 1230 it was decided that no one
should practise medicine until he had been examined and
found competent by two masters in medical science,
chosen as examiners by the bishop. The successful result
of his examination was notified to him by a certificate
bearing the signatures of the bishop and of the examiners.
Whoever practised medicine without submitting to this
examination was threatened with the punishment of excommunication.
The surgeons however were not bound
to submit themselves *to examination. The laws against
quacks, it would seem, were not stringently observed ; yet "
from time to time they must necessarily have been recalled
to men's minds.
The statutes and lists of lectures, which were issued in
the year 1240, were framed upon the regulations of the
Emperor FREDERICK II. published for Salerno.f The
medical school was thus completely organized.
Instruction was also given in law at Montpellier from
' the end of the 13th century ; and in like manner there
were as early as 1242 teachers of philosophy. Pope
NICOLAS IV. in 1289 decided to erect there a Studium
generate, i.e., a University. But he did not succeed in
merging the medical school with the other faculties into
one large establishment for teaching. It preserved its
rights jealously and maintained its independence. And
thus it came about that in Montpellier henceforth there
* CARMOLY op. cit. S. qo. He mentions other Jewish teachers of medicine,!
A «
e.g., SAMUEL BEN TIBBON.
•"- GEHMAIN op. cit. T. iii, p. 424.