0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

MEDICAL TEACHING.
Edinburgh (1680), Cambridge (1702), Harderwyk (1709),
St. Petersburg (1725).
In Germany the following universities had botanical
gardens attached to them at the dates indicated :—Giessen
(1609), Altdorf (1626), Jena (1629), Helmstadt (1634), Kiel
(1669), Halle, Tubingen (1675), Wiirzburg (1695), Wittenburg
(1711), lngoldstadt (1723), Gottingen (1737), Frankfort-on-the-Oder
(1744), Vienna (1749), Greifswald (1765),
Prague(i776), and Salzburg, Marburg and Rostock.
Collections of dried plants were also used to some extent
for the purposes of instruction in botany, as were atlases of
botanical paintings, many of which were surprisingly true to
nature* With the same object in view the students with
their teachers undertook excursions together, which were
called " herbations." Just as in botanical, so also in
chemical teaching, especial regard was had to pharmacy,
theoretical and practical. There were already at that time,
in several universities, professorships of chemistry, and
chemical laboratories in which the art of compounding
pharmaceutical preparations could be learnt. The attitude
of the senate of Innsbruck University, which in 1740
declined to form professorships for botany and chemistry,
was certainly exceptional ; this demeanour the senate
-assumed because they considered that a thorough botanical
training required ten years, " for in this inquisitive age
some new thing in vegetables is perpetually coming to
light," while on the other hand a professorship of chemistry
was too expensive.f
The apothecaries' shops afforded the best opportunity
for instruction in chemistry; the interior arrangements of
these places have been made generally known by H.
PETERS, who in his book has published pictures of the
•apothecary's establishment attached to the Court at Rastadt
in 1700, of that designated the "Star" at Niirnberg in
* H. PETERS op. cit. S. 57.
t J. PROBST : Geschichte der Universitat zu Innsbruck, Innsbruck 1869.