0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

TEACHING IN SURGERY. 427
places. About the same time greater attention began to
be bestowed upon practical teaching in surgery at the
universities. The clinics, which arose at this time, at first,
indeed, were limited to the treatment of internal diseases ;
all surgical matters which required attention were as a rule
put into the hands of a surgeon, who was subordinate to
the chief of the clinic.
In Holland alone had medical students the opportunity
of assisting in surgical operations at the hospitals. J. J.
RAU, at Leyden, instituted a course of surgical operations
on the dead body, demanding a fee of 100 Dutch
thalers for the same. Many German practitioners, anxious
to acquire practical knowledge in surgery, betook themselves,
therefore, to Holland, as FRIEDRICH HOFFMANN, in
his " Medicus Politicus " (i, 1, 6), advised them to do. In
the same way France and England were also visited with
this object. In Germany the first surgical clinic arose in
the year 1769 at Wiirzburg; CARL CASPAR SlEBOLD
organized it in a highly satisfactory manner, illustrated
the surgical lectures by the demonstration of anatomical
preparations, and introduced the practice of surgical operations
on the dead body.* At "Vienna a surgical clinic was
opened in 1774. Gottingen acquired a similar institution
in 1781 ; Germany's most celebrated teacher of surgery, A.
G. RlCHTER, gave clinical instruction there.
Ophthalmology, too, and midwifery, which, in BOER-
HAAVE'S time, had been taught in association with other
subjects, especially surgery, by degrees met with greater
consideration in the plan of studies. France, England, and
Italy produced some able ophthalmic surgeons ; it is not until
the close of the 18th century that we find several Germans
occupying a position of equal importance. Celebrated
ophthalmic operators were then, like famous tenors at the
present time, summoned from great distances to give illustrations
in their art. N. J. PALUCCI was induced by G. VAN
SwiETEN to come to Vienna, and he there performed the
* F. v. WEGELE op. cit.