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AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 571
examination upon the four branches of science forming the
subject of the test.
After the candidate has passed these examinations he
receives the degree of Doctor and a license to practise his
profession.
The professors of the various subjects act as examiners
in the three professional examinations: a commissioner,
nominated by the Government, who is a doctor of medicine
and usually a high official of the sanitary service, is charged
with the duty of watching the examinations in the interests
of the public. The duration and character of the exami­
nations and the amount of knowledge required to pass
them have, however, been thoroughly explained and ac­
curately laid down*
Doctors who desire to devote themselves to the public
sanitary service are obliged to furnish proofs that after
taking their degree they have held appointments for at
least two years in a public hospital, or have been in
general practice for three years, that they have acquired a
knowledge of psychological medicine and have learned to
vaccinate with skill. They have then to pass an examina­
tion in hygiene, sanitary law, forensic medicine, pharma­
cognosy, toxicology, chemistry and veterinary regulations :
this examination is partly written, partly oral, and partly of
a practical character.t
Excellent arrangements exist at the Vienna University
for the education of skilful surgical operators. In 1807 a
regulation was made that six students of medicine who had
completed their studies in an exemplary manner should be
employed in the surgical clinic for two years and should
receive instruction in the performance of surgical opera­
tions on the dead and living subject. During this period
they drew a yearly stipend' of 300 gulden with residence
found, and they entered into an engagement to practise
their profession in their own country. The rulers of
* THAA, op. cit., Supplem.-Heft, S. 647 et seq., 090 et seq.
t Reichsgesetzblatt 1873, 29th. Marz, Stuck 12.