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604 MODERN TIMES.
Whoever approaches the study of medicine must have
completed his course of studies at an advanced grammar
school or at the gymnasium, or else must furnish satis­
factory evidence that he is in possession of a sufficient
preliminary" education. The period of studentship lasts
generally for six years. The license to practise medicine
is only acquired by passing the State-examination which is
held by Examination Commissioners, teachers from the
different medical faculties being nominated as such. This
is preceded by the first and second examination in natural
science, the first being devoted to physics, chemistry and
botany, the second to anatomy, physiology, histology,
materia medica and general pathology.
The State-examination itself is divided into a theoretical
part which deals with pathological anatomy, pharmaco­
dynamics, special pathology and therapeutics, hygiene, the
theory of surgery and of midwifery, and into a practical
part which consists of work at the bedside and in the post­
mortem room. Before presenting himself for this the
candidate must show that he has received clinical instruc­
tion during two years and has attended at least twelve
labours, of which two have been completed with the aid of
instruments.*
The doctorate of medicine is conferred by the medical
faculties independently of the State-examination ; the can­
didates for this are required to have passed the gymnasium
course in Uteris humanioribus. The examinations for the
doctorate have regard not only to professional skill but
also to medical learning; they presuppose a more thorough
general education and go more deeply into the natural
sciences and into the different departments of medicine
itself than the State-examination. On this account the
Doctorate of Medicine carries with it a license to practise.f
* Geneeskundige Wetten, Zwolle 1882, Gesetz vom 28. Dez. 1878.
f Wet van d. 28 April 1876, tot regeling van het hooger onderwijs, Zwolle
1884.