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FRANCE. 547
undertaken with a view to the representation of one special
department of medical science, but a definite number of
branches are grouped together. The agreges, conformably
to this arrangement, are separated into four divisions: of
these the first includes anatomy and physiology ; the second
the natural sciences, physics, chemistry, and pharmacology ;
the third pathology and therapeutics, internal medicine, and
State-medicine; and the fourth the surgical departments
with midwifery.
In 1884 the teaching staff of the medical faculty of Paris
consisted of 120 professors; at Lyons there were 64; at
Bordeaux, 50; at Douai-Lille, 45; at Montpellier, 43; and
at Nancy, 41. The faculty of Lyons had no less than 25
professors in ordinary.
From all.this it is evident that the medical schools of
France are richly supplied with teachers, and that the
Government spares no expense in providing them. In
Paris the salaries of the professors of the medical faculty
amount in the aggregate to nearly 70o,ooofr. a year, a sum
far in advance of that expended on the medical faculties in
many other countries. The same admirable care is shown
in furnishing the medical faculties with appliances and
aids for teaching. The medical schools of Paris and
Lyons, which I can speak of from personal experience, are
arranged in a most exemplary manner.
Teaching is carried on in Paris partly at the Ecole de
Medecine, where the theoretical lectures of the professors
are delivered, partly at the Ecole Pratique, at which the
establishments for practical work have been centred, and
partly in the various hospitals in which the clinics are
held.
The large airy dissecting rooms, well supplied with water,
good light, and in every respect answering the hygienic
requirements of the present day, contain 682 work-places.
Besides the Director, who is at the same time a Professor
of Anatomy, eight prosectors and twenty-four assistants are
at work there, introducing the students to the art of