BAI GIANG CONG TAC XA HOI

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thanh met phtking phap doan kit cat yang va tang &Ong trong van de cu thg nhung nam 1960. Ngay nay, ding tac nheim van tiep tue dude sit dung rang rai va dude giang day trong su nghiep dao tao CTXH. Cling tan nh6m Ngay nay, cong tee nhom trong trong hoat Ong CTXH bao gem hai icie Wong rieng biet, met danh cho boat deng nhom trong muc dich tri lieu va met lien quan den cac muc dich khde nhu phat trign ceng dgng, lap k6 hoach va hieu qua tha quan li hanh chInh. Toseland va Rivas (2001) dinh nghia ding the nhom la "hoat deng hudng den muc dich dieu tri nh6 Ara cac nhOm lam nhiem vu nha'm dap ung the nhu eau kinh ti xa h'ei. Hoat Ong nay hu6ng tdi cac thanh vien ca nhan eila met nh6m va tbi ca nh6m trong met he thing cung cap dich vu" (trg. 12). Dinh nghia nay xem xet tam quan trong cua nhom tri lieu va nhom lam nhiem vu; tam quan trong tha pintong Eh& lam viec voi ea nhan trong nh6m ding nhu ea nhom. Cac Ion' cong tan nhom Cac loai cOng the nhOm khac nhau ce the bat dau to rat Om va da dude klthe biet hoe. Cac phudng phAp eau tien la dinh huang vao nhiem vu va tri lieu. Chung 41 nen tang cho nhigu loai cong tac nhom khac nhau. Mat trong nhting tai lieu chinh di kom voi su phat trign tha ding tac nhom xa hin la "Cac m8 hinh cOng the nhom xa hei: Nghe nghiep va di san" an hanh nam 1962 do Papell va Rothman. Bai bao nay da the dinh ba me hinh cong the nhtim: mg hinh cac muc Lieu xa hpi, me hinh tudng hd va me hinh ctieu tri. M6 hinh the muc tieu xa hei "tap trung vac) giao tiep xa hei cac thanh vien vbi cac gia tri xa hoi dan ch6", nhAn manh tam quan trong tha quygt dinh nhom va gia tri tha cac hoat dOng nhom trong viec higu nen dan au. Cac t6 chile nhu YWCA, throng dao sinh nu va nha a nhan dao flip tue sit dung phttOng phap nay de mang lai the thay dei trong nhom 2 . MO hinh Wang hti tim each thiet lap su to giup minh, he th6ng trd giup lhn nhau gitip the thanh vien tim they su can bang Oita nhu cau tha ho va nhu thu cUa xa hei. Nhom Chuang phut vu cac thanh vien dat dude muc tieu cua minh, khi trd giup Ian nhau. Diem nhan la lam viec voi nhom nhu met m8i trueng tri lieu thay 1 .2 Toseland. R.. & Rivas, R. (2001). An introduction to group work practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 284
Me hinh chila benh nhan manh vao sV tien be cna ca nhan tit each giai quyet yen de va tap trung vao tra lai hoac phuc hei hanh vi cho cat thanh vien. Nhan vien CTXH (long met vai tre quan trong trong kik nhom nay va can thiep true ti6p. Vi du la met nhOm tri lieu trong 136i canh trai benh nhan tam thk, nghia la beg canh chila benh hoac a khu ben earth (Toseland & Rivas, 2001). Mac (Lau nhiTing Binh nghia ban dau ye tong tee nhom dot ra cho the loai hoat dung nhom khac nhau, nhfing hoat clang e6 tam quan trong vdi nhan vien CTXH ngay nay IA the nhom dieu tri va the nhom nhiem vu. Toseland va Rivas (2001) cho rang cat nhOm dieu tri co nam emu dich: ho trO, giao due, phat trien, tri lieu va giao tigp xi hoi. Cac nhom nhiem vu throe coi la khac biet hod nho met s6 cac dac tinh Iva chop. NMing ngUai c6 muc tieu la phuc vu khach hang bao gom cac dei, the hei nghi chtia benh va sV phat trien nhAn vien. Nhung ngtthi cb muc tieu la phuc vu nhu eau cua t6 date bao gem cac uy ban, not cac va ban giam dove. Cac nh6m hanh dog xa hoi, hiep hei, us, ban dai bieu la cac nh6m nhiem vu phue vu ceng ang. Trong chudng nay, cluing to thao luan hai loai nh6m cd ban, nhom dicta benh va nhom lam nhiem vu. Mom lam nhiem vu Nh6m lam nhiem vu c6 the dude dinh nghia la nth:Mg nhom "co muc dich n6i bat IA hoan thanh met rime Lieu khong phai la ben trong cling khong gan tickle lief) tdi cac thanh vien trong nhom" (Toseland va Rivas, 2001, trg. 15). Theo dinh nghia nay, muc tieu cite nhOm la mang lai lqi ich cho met nhom nhieu ngudi hen. Cac nhom thudng rap trung vao thay met yeeu to trong mei truong thong qua viec dua ra the tai lieu, bao coo, tudng chinh Bach va the hei nghi ve van de xd hei. Anderson (1997) ket luan rang to viet tat <strong>TAC</strong>IT rat huu ich de tim hien cac btidc a qua trinh giai guy& van de trong nhom va each tien hAnh cac nhiem vu dm. nhom. <strong>TAC</strong>IT la viol tat ka task orientation, accommodation, communication, integrative problem solving and task completion (c6 nghia Ia dinh h&c/1g nhiem vv., sap x6p, giao tiep, giai quy-et van dg hoe hop va hoan thanh nhiem vu). C6 nhUng buds trong quy trinh phat trien nhom dude bat dau bang viec den vdi nhau (dinh Iniang nhiem vu), sU dieu chinh cac thanh vien trong nhOm vdi nhau va yen de sap x6p, cac hinh thile giao tip sau d6 se dien ra giCia cac 285
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DAI HQC DAN LAP THANG LONG BAI GIAN
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myc Lyc Lèln6i4u 5 Lai moat/ 7 Chu
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6 Chung toi hi vong rang khi cu6n s
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8 nang xac dinh van de caa del Wong
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Khong chii Si rang nghe Nghia la ng
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Giong mai Giong noi nen phii hdp vo
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loan tam li, tang thang, met mOi tr
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5. Mat nhin-tiep xbc qua anh mat, n
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clang tim giai phap cho van de va k
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Clip di;, 2: Ban dang cam thgy that
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8. Met co be 12 tuth bi anh trai qu
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1. Khach hang: Gan day tai cam thgy
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9. Khach hang: Chgng tea co van de
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cang da tang trai qua nhung dieu Wo
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Khi nhan vien CTXH nghe eau chuyen
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• Nen dat cau hOi tap trung vao n
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3. Khach hang: "Anh ta sa vao nhung
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Cau hOi theo trial hoc Socrat "Khon
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thong tin vg met chu diem cu the de
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Cau hai dank gia de khach hang din
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Ban danh gib mOc dO hobn thanh nhil
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Cau tra lei cam thong matt: Ban dan
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Cau tra Itli quan tam tich cite mal
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Can tra ldi quan tam tich ciic ma.u
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4. Benh nhan noi trn nam trong trai
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Citu hal lam sang to van de: Anh ma
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17. MOt ngtieti ta nang thon ra ThU
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+ Van ban xac dinh tinh trang caa k
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mat thcii dO it than thtinh, cat ma
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Ngu6n got chinh xac cua the yeti t6
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NOi Ivo Su thgp kern Su but bOi S2f
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64 1. Can be nay dang d giai doan n
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• de kgt hop sieu ca nhan ma khac
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mei truang 'et/ nhien caa ngtiai do
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• Nhang mang Judi quan he hien Mi
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• Cho rang co the doe &toe suy ng
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M6 hinh danh gia dua hen cac thirn?
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lap chile nang va Huang thanh tgt n
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6.sa dung cach danh gia nham ttm ra
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True III nham the hien bat ki dieu
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• Tim hieu xem lieu co su rgi loa
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throng nhu nghe chang hop 1f lam, n
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nghien eau va thaang xuyen Wide cac
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TOM TAT Chuang nay gidi thieu cho n
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nhien nen nhan vien CTXH the hien d
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tigp tut tra phi tu van có nghia l
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6 có the gap khO khan trong khi gi
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cu6n each mang ten "Nghien ads &fa
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them met se- bueb nth. Bien phap ga
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3. Cac &Mc hAnh deng hoac cac nhiem
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3. Cac ygu t6 ben ngoai có the anh
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Van de ye gia dinh la met van de kh
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qua trinh to van. Vi du muc lieu da
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nguai khde va tap trung vao hAnh vi
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can phai dUcic lam re hdn de co the
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Trong cu .& "Bai tap thuc hanh tong
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Co rat nhigu mo hinh day each giao
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chuyen voi. Vi du trong suet butii
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Cac aging diep "toi" khOng dg 16i,
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cam thgy digu ma ban dai cam thay.
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Cac mue tieu to van can cu thd va r
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dau su danh gin dia ho van mang tin
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thoa man trong hen nhan, Chi s6 Tho
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TOM TAT ChuOng nay tap trung vao qu
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gio-ng nhau. Dieu cot yeu nhal cua
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4. Phan anh dya tren tinh hitting c
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i rei loan se tang rei loan hOn neu
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Kithuat tang curing ban nga Duct tr
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Buac hai caa qua trinh la tao ra ma
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Rimm va Masters (1974) da dua ra me
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ttdc mall de gifi tri bang 10 diem
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ngoi tntec may vi tinh chdi tro chd
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KT thuat sir dung quan he sang tac
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C: nhung ket qua lie cam giac va ha
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can co them kinh nghiem vg thi cit"
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Kith* xe-p hang sythanh thao va tho
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"Li thuyet nen tang cua liOu phap 1
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chicle thigt lap gitta nhan vien CT
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5. Tao ranh glad 6. Tao bat can ban
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de hei one thanh vien gia dinh ye 5
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To bgt can bang (bat toting xting)
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KT thuat ma to yin dg De Jong va Be
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lam viec gi khac biet khOng?" hoac
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khang thgy. Digm math chgt a day la
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h6a khac nhau. Tam yen P6 nay bao g
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Ch uang 5 PHAT TRIEN KT NANG D61 PH
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nghiep dude trubng nay!", thi khach
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Trong dot digu tri ba, khaeh hang v
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Bai tp ta la nguy cd th \lc su vdi
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nhdc dinh to tit. Khach hang c6 ngu
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Theo Lewis uez dthzg szt (2002): "K
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Murphy —"n6u co gi co the sai lam
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dich dieu tri la chi ra rang khach
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Hanh vi higu chign thuang dude boc
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Lange va Jakubowski (1976) thao lua
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Stt kien dinh ve cai tot. Su kien d
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clai eang hadng dan the ma tit nhan
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hai ben cai ma hon vdi nhau, ea hai
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1. Cai thien mtil quan he ciTa ban
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1. Hay danh vai phut de can nhac xe
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Jerry, ... tai ninon anh hit that M
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3. Nhung su kien kinh nien nhung kh
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giai doan the ha nay, su cang thing
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"dgu hieu ctinh bao Om" c6 the dace
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Bich vu tham ven". Nhieu nguai ehon
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cua moi ngudi va nen dude chgp then
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Chuang 6 THVC HANH PHAT HUY NQI LUC
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7. Hay kien nhan vi ski Lisp sac ci
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each not vg nhung (lieu ma ho da di
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3. Phai gig dinh rang ban kh6ng the
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Phai c6 trach nhipm tgi khach hang
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cling -nhu Id nang ma nhan vien CTX
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Trail hanh can thi4p Qua trinh can
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Lu8n phai xem xet m6i quan he this
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3. Hay tan ra nhung Iniac en the de
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Page 237 and 238: Phat huy th6 manh cho khach hang la
Page 239 and 240: 4. Chu trong van dac diem rieng bie
Page 241 and 242: Cong tat vdi cac gia dinh la float
Page 243 and 244: Cac ranh gidi Cac ranh gioi la nhun
Page 245 and 246: Cac mii hinh doe nhet Cac mo hinh d
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Page 249 and 250: Chdng nao nha tri lieu gia dinh cli
Page 251 and 252: phan lan cua moi tong tae that hAnh
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Page 257 and 258: dinh. Viet ghi chu cac he thong con
Page 259 and 260: dinh. Co the la ve met tran cid bon
Page 261 and 262: Viec danh gia cac tinh hudng gia di
Page 263 and 264: Re rang la yang dai ca lne nao do d
Page 265 and 266: Trong qua trinh danh gia , c6 the l
Page 267 and 268: khac &Ong met vai trO quan trong la
Page 269 and 270: 10. Moi nen van hon deu coi trong t
Page 271 and 272: Vi du nhan vien CTXH co the bat dau
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Page 275 and 276: Cac qua trinh va phdang phap Thuc t
Page 277 and 278: uong ruou ciia minh có anh huang d
Page 279 and 280: Cac can nhac vg van boa la nhiing y
Page 281: nam va n3, va cac trung tam cong de
Page 285 and 286: thlic va d6i eau" va "khuyen khich
Page 287 and 288: Sau giai down lam viec met minh, ng
Page 289 and 290: ThUeng thi torn tat nay se dude vig
Page 291 and 292: 3. Nhom phat trien uttoc thigt 1(6
Page 293 and 294: • Lam viec cai ma vai cac nei lo
Page 295 and 296: Met phtiOng phap lam tan bang la ch
Page 297 and 298: Ki thun't giai quygt bat d6ng: Khi
Page 299 and 300: Giai doan au Giai doan dau la thdi
Page 301 and 302: chile c6 the hia chon nhung nguai c
Page 303 and 304: nay e6 the la not quy ve phuong pha
Page 305 and 306: ca nhan trong khi khep lai nhung le
Page 307 and 308: khong tinh nguyen, cac thanh vien t
Page 309 and 310: viec ma se de cap den nO trgc tip t
Page 311 and 312: (3) met thai ki cuel trong do sp ta
Page 313 and 314: nghe. Nhan vien CTXH cling co the g
Page 315 and 316: Twang hop 8.1 Giai down giCia trong
Page 317 and 318: • Cac thanh vien &No h6 trd trong
Page 319 and 320: Chuang 9 CAN THI1P VAO CAC HE THONG
Page 321 and 322: Cac rao can vat chit Viec phat hien
Page 323 and 324: dieu tri cai nghien, nhang ngtibi m
Page 325 and 326: va de dung gia dinh re (Ping, 2002)
Page 327 and 328: Doi khi quy trinh nay la true tiep,
Page 329 and 330: Thief Igp muc tier hap li Trong qua
Page 331 and 332: Cot trash nhiem chi ra ngudi chin t
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Gain, sat va danh gia lal Met budc
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Cac nguyen tee ego chic trong twang
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clang hanh lang cho met chinh kien.
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Met han chg vg dao difc mita lien q
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nhat di thuyet phuc? Ca nhan nay se
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can tra la mgt vi du. "Tei khOng ca
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deng phap H, viec dua ra tong luan)
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Hoat dong di kern voi cac hanh deng
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thong tin, phan tich du lieu, chia
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an giam et& hay nhfing ki nang khac
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vu phi hop vdi von de. Can can nhac
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giam d6c va van dua ra cac thong ti
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Chucrig 10 KIEN THOC VA KT NANG DAN
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hoa eke ket qua cho bat cu ca nhan
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qua dOi hOi chting ta phai dap Ung
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Cac thiet ke . AB D6 hieu Wide the
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HiNH 10.2. Vi du vg thigt ke B Cac
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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6 5 4 r 3 2 z 1 0 ,0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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nheing ding cu do goi la thang diem
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Dam manh va didm yea coa danh gia b
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(Xing nhu cac phuong phap khae, tha
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chung, nhang nghien cau nay bao gai
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cac xu huOng hoac cac me hinh có t
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Cac thiet k6 nhom throe Ring a ta r
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E ^. 0.) 40 • 35 30 25 • ♦ Ca
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an luyen nhOm da kgt auk. Diem caa
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chuong trinh vol tarn thanh vien. C
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trade va sau, met sg hoac tat ea ca
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Cac bie'n phu thuOc khac nhau: Hai
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Float deng danh gia nen dupe gan bo
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z TOM TAT Chtidng nay dua ra dinh n
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16. Canda, E. R. & Furman, L. D. (1
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46. Gorey, K. M., Leslie, D. R., Mo
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74. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory
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103. Preston. J. (1998). Integrativ
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132. Sherman, A. (1973). Behavior m
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Chin trcich nhienz xulit bcin: Giam
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BAI GIANG CONG TAC XA HOI

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