BAI GIANG CONG TAC XA HOI

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mat nh6m the Ong thong ba vO bao hoc c6 kha nang cling c6 tic dung t6t vai the nhom khac. De OM) dam bao kha nang khai quit nay, nhAn vien CTXH phai nhan ra va del mat yeti the de doa tdi dQ gin tri ben ngoai. Coe de doa ten do gia tri ben ngoai Cac de doa tdi do gia tri ben ngoai c6 thA giam hoac loai trit kha nang khai quit hoe kgt qua nghien cuu voi the nhom va the tinh hu6ng khac (Grinnell & Unrau, 1997). Phan nay xac dinh eau de doa nhu vay: (1) su khac biet giCia the khach hang, (2) tee dOng eim nhan vien CTXH, (3) su khfic biet v .6' do ImAng, (4) the bign phu thuQc khac nhau, (5) tic d'Ung qua lai eila lick sii va can thiep, (6) can thiep khac nhau St, khac biet giiia cac khach hang: theo logic, khac nhau gina khach hang c6 the anh twang tdi kha nang khai wet hoh to nhom nay sang cac nhom khac. Phan cugi chafing nay ghi chu each thitc ma sti khac nhau giita cac nen van hod c6 the tic (Icing len qua trinh denh gia hieu qua. Su khac biet ye gi6i, ki nang nhan thlte, gia tri c6 the phi hoai n6 lve sU dung thanh cong ciing mot can thiep tdi the nhom khac nhau. Cu6i cung, nhan vien CTXH phai Men ten trong va canh giac v6i st/ khac biet gifla cac khach hang vi ea the anh hUang den kha nang khai quit hoa. Tac clang cita nhan vien CTXH: Tac dQng cua can be CTXH la viec mai nhan vien CTXH ce anh tiding khac nhau trong tiing linh vile. NhUng ski khac biet nay e6 the la miic dO nang Luc, phong each can thiep va long tin. Su nhan thiic yeu t6 nay la dac Met quan trong khi nhan vien CTXH co . gAng sa dung cac hoc thuygt, cac phitong phap da thao luau trong nhung tai lieu. Mot phudng phap c6 tee dung v6i mat nhan vien CTXH nay khong có nghia la no se c6 tae dung vdi nhiing nguai khac. St, khac nhau va. do Itteong: Sp khac nhau vg do hieing la mot thuat net bao triim mot lost cac tinh hugng de doa kha nang khai glint hoa cUa cluing ta. Gia sit mot nhan vien CTXH da lam viec thanh ding voi met vii nit khach hang e6 van dg v6 nghien ma tuy. Tuy nhien, trong mot nhom hien tai, phucing phap cn ditang nInt khong c6 hieu qua may. Phitang phap sit dung tat trong mQt s6 trueng hop c6 the khong e6 hieu qua khi gap cac khach hang c6 van de (nghien cocain hay nghien ruou), can thiep (kith thu6c nh6m hay set Wong can thiep), hay kgt qua (cac cong cu do Wang dude sU dung) (Nugent va Ong stt., 2001) 392
Cac bie'n phu thuOc khac nhau: Hai nhan vien CTXH lam viec vdi cac khach hang 65 cung the dac HIM NS the sit dung the dinh nghia khac nhau vg thanh tong. Met nhan vien CTXH lam viec vdi khach hang nghien rtiou ce the tin rang da dat dupe thenh gong khi khach hang khong tai pham sau can thiep ski thing. Met nhan vien khac c6 the dinh nghia thanh tong khi khach hang ugng digu do met nano sau kgt thde dieu tri. R6 rang ngu nhan vien CTXH sit dung cac at& do khac nhau cua the bin phu thuec, kgt qua cua hai can thiep e6 the khac nhau. Tac dOng qua lai cua lich sit va can thiep: Chung ta da nOi phan trade ve vai tro lich sit có the de doa tdi de gia tri not b'e, lieh si3 cung c6 the de doa Wong to len do gia tri ben ngoai. Mac du ngu n6 c6 the tao ra hai nhOm gigng het nhau ve tat ea the khia canh va su can thiep cua ngdbi thug hanh khOng thay del the su kien xay ra 6 mei trtiong ben ngoai c6 the dOng met vai trO trong deng lug va thanh tang cua nh6m. Chang Han, cac su kien nhu ski kien ngay 11 thing 9 nam 2001, met et* chign tranh d Iraq hay cac thay del dot nget trong non kinh to co the tic dung tdi. the thanh vien cua nhom. Thay vi tap trung vao can tinep va giai quygt van de dm minh, khach hang co the lo ling Cho nhiing nguoi than, To ngai Cho gong viec cua minh, hay ban khoan the su kien the gi6i se tae deng den he nhit thg nao. Cac anh hiking lich sit' 63 the c6 nhling tae &Ong tinh dgn vg do hieu qua cua ding tic can thiep va kgt qua la kh6 phat hien ra. Can thiep khac nhau: Cac n6 hie sao chop can thiep cif) the c6 nhiTing kett qua khac nhau. Theo Nugent va deng nghiep, viee nay xay ra la vi "bat cit can thiep nal) dude tip dung -Lai cac khach hang hay he khach hang khac nhau trong nhfing hoan canh khac nhau do nhang &nil) vien khac nhau thtle hien co the khong gigng vdi can thiep ban dal.' theo nhang each thfic va mac de rieng biet. Dieu nay lam giam khi nang cO It& qua gieing het nhau khi so sanh vdi trttong hop dau lien" (trg 97). each hieu qua nh'al de loaf tit de doa tdi do gia tri ben ngoai la sao chap. Day la met li luan hUu ich do ti'ep tut dinh gia n6 file cua ta. M6i Ian c6 met can thiep &Mc sao chap va dinh gia vdi the ket qua Wong tu, no se gitip tim ra quy haat vg cac m6i de doa khac nhau den do gia tri ben ngoai. Su nhae lai la met he thgng bao gem Ii thuygt va thkie hanh 393
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DAI HQC DAN LAP THANG LONG BAI GIAN
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myc Lyc Lèln6i4u 5 Lai moat/ 7 Chu
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6 Chung toi hi vong rang khi cu6n s
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8 nang xac dinh van de caa del Wong
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Khong chii Si rang nghe Nghia la ng
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Giong mai Giong noi nen phii hdp vo
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loan tam li, tang thang, met mOi tr
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5. Mat nhin-tiep xbc qua anh mat, n
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clang tim giai phap cho van de va k
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Clip di;, 2: Ban dang cam thgy that
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8. Met co be 12 tuth bi anh trai qu
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1. Khach hang: Gan day tai cam thgy
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9. Khach hang: Chgng tea co van de
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cang da tang trai qua nhung dieu Wo
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Khi nhan vien CTXH nghe eau chuyen
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• Nen dat cau hOi tap trung vao n
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3. Khach hang: "Anh ta sa vao nhung
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Cau hOi theo trial hoc Socrat "Khon
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thong tin vg met chu diem cu the de
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Cau hai dank gia de khach hang din
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Ban danh gib mOc dO hobn thanh nhil
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Cau tra lei cam thong matt: Ban dan
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Cau tra Itli quan tam tich cite mal
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Can tra ldi quan tam tich ciic ma.u
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4. Benh nhan noi trn nam trong trai
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Citu hal lam sang to van de: Anh ma
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17. MOt ngtieti ta nang thon ra ThU
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+ Van ban xac dinh tinh trang caa k
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mat thcii dO it than thtinh, cat ma
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Ngu6n got chinh xac cua the yeti t6
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NOi Ivo Su thgp kern Su but bOi S2f
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64 1. Can be nay dang d giai doan n
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• de kgt hop sieu ca nhan ma khac
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mei truang 'et/ nhien caa ngtiai do
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• Nhang mang Judi quan he hien Mi
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• Cho rang co the doe &toe suy ng
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M6 hinh danh gia dua hen cac thirn?
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lap chile nang va Huang thanh tgt n
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6.sa dung cach danh gia nham ttm ra
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True III nham the hien bat ki dieu
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• Tim hieu xem lieu co su rgi loa
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throng nhu nghe chang hop 1f lam, n
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nghien eau va thaang xuyen Wide cac
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TOM TAT Chuang nay gidi thieu cho n
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nhien nen nhan vien CTXH the hien d
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tigp tut tra phi tu van có nghia l
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6 có the gap khO khan trong khi gi
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cu6n each mang ten "Nghien ads &fa
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them met se- bueb nth. Bien phap ga
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3. Cac &Mc hAnh deng hoac cac nhiem
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3. Cac ygu t6 ben ngoai có the anh
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Van de ye gia dinh la met van de kh
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qua trinh to van. Vi du muc lieu da
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nguai khde va tap trung vao hAnh vi
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can phai dUcic lam re hdn de co the
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Trong cu .& "Bai tap thuc hanh tong
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Co rat nhigu mo hinh day each giao
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chuyen voi. Vi du trong suet butii
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Cac aging diep "toi" khOng dg 16i,
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cam thgy digu ma ban dai cam thay.
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Cac mue tieu to van can cu thd va r
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dau su danh gin dia ho van mang tin
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thoa man trong hen nhan, Chi s6 Tho
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TOM TAT ChuOng nay tap trung vao qu
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gio-ng nhau. Dieu cot yeu nhal cua
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4. Phan anh dya tren tinh hitting c
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i rei loan se tang rei loan hOn neu
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Kithuat tang curing ban nga Duct tr
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Buac hai caa qua trinh la tao ra ma
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Rimm va Masters (1974) da dua ra me
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ttdc mall de gifi tri bang 10 diem
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ngoi tntec may vi tinh chdi tro chd
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KT thuat sir dung quan he sang tac
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C: nhung ket qua lie cam giac va ha
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can co them kinh nghiem vg thi cit"
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Kith* xe-p hang sythanh thao va tho
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"Li thuyet nen tang cua liOu phap 1
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chicle thigt lap gitta nhan vien CT
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5. Tao ranh glad 6. Tao bat can ban
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de hei one thanh vien gia dinh ye 5
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To bgt can bang (bat toting xting)
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KT thuat ma to yin dg De Jong va Be
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lam viec gi khac biet khOng?" hoac
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khang thgy. Digm math chgt a day la
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h6a khac nhau. Tam yen P6 nay bao g
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Ch uang 5 PHAT TRIEN KT NANG D61 PH
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nghiep dude trubng nay!", thi khach
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Trong dot digu tri ba, khaeh hang v
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Bai tp ta la nguy cd th \lc su vdi
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nhdc dinh to tit. Khach hang c6 ngu
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Theo Lewis uez dthzg szt (2002): "K
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Murphy —"n6u co gi co the sai lam
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dich dieu tri la chi ra rang khach
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Hanh vi higu chign thuang dude boc
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Lange va Jakubowski (1976) thao lua
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Stt kien dinh ve cai tot. Su kien d
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clai eang hadng dan the ma tit nhan
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hai ben cai ma hon vdi nhau, ea hai
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1. Cai thien mtil quan he ciTa ban
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1. Hay danh vai phut de can nhac xe
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Jerry, ... tai ninon anh hit that M
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3. Nhung su kien kinh nien nhung kh
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giai doan the ha nay, su cang thing
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"dgu hieu ctinh bao Om" c6 the dace
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Bich vu tham ven". Nhieu nguai ehon
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cua moi ngudi va nen dude chgp then
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Chuang 6 THVC HANH PHAT HUY NQI LUC
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7. Hay kien nhan vi ski Lisp sac ci
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each not vg nhung (lieu ma ho da di
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3. Phai gig dinh rang ban kh6ng the
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Phai c6 trach nhipm tgi khach hang
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cling -nhu Id nang ma nhan vien CTX
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Trail hanh can thi4p Qua trinh can
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Lu8n phai xem xet m6i quan he this
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3. Hay tan ra nhung Iniac en the de
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met eau chuyen mai bang each suy ng
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song vg nhan each, y thitc, deng ly
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cua phu nu, b6 qua nhung digu nay l
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Phat huy th6 manh cho khach hang la
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4. Chu trong van dac diem rieng bie
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Cong tat vdi cac gia dinh la float
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Cac ranh gidi Cac ranh gioi la nhun
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Cac mii hinh doe nhet Cac mo hinh d
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nha tri lieu c6 the three xem la e6
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Chdng nao nha tri lieu gia dinh cli
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phan lan cua moi tong tae that hAnh
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ean phai tip xuc lan (tau vdi gia d
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trinh bay va chap nhan quan diem ca
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dinh. Viet ghi chu cac he thong con
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dinh. Co the la ve met tran cid bon
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Viec danh gia cac tinh hudng gia di
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Re rang la yang dai ca lne nao do d
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Trong qua trinh danh gia , c6 the l
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khac &Ong met vai trO quan trong la
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10. Moi nen van hon deu coi trong t
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Vi du nhan vien CTXH co the bat dau
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tre, met trai, met gai. Cac throng
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Cac qua trinh va phdang phap Thuc t
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uong ruou ciia minh có anh huang d
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Cac can nhac vg van boa la nhiing y
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nam va n3, va cac trung tam cong de
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Me hinh chila benh nhan manh vao sV
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thlic va d6i eau" va "khuyen khich
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Sau giai down lam viec met minh, ng
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ThUeng thi torn tat nay se dude vig
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3. Nhom phat trien uttoc thigt 1(6
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• Lam viec cai ma vai cac nei lo
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Met phtiOng phap lam tan bang la ch
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Ki thun't giai quygt bat d6ng: Khi
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Giai doan au Giai doan dau la thdi
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chile c6 the hia chon nhung nguai c
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nay e6 the la not quy ve phuong pha
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ca nhan trong khi khep lai nhung le
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khong tinh nguyen, cac thanh vien t
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viec ma se de cap den nO trgc tip t
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(3) met thai ki cuel trong do sp ta
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nghe. Nhan vien CTXH cling co the g
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Twang hop 8.1 Giai down giCia trong
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• Cac thanh vien &No h6 trd trong
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Chuang 9 CAN THI1P VAO CAC HE THONG
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Cac rao can vat chit Viec phat hien
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dieu tri cai nghien, nhang ngtibi m
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va de dung gia dinh re (Ping, 2002)
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Doi khi quy trinh nay la true tiep,
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Thief Igp muc tier hap li Trong qua
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Cot trash nhiem chi ra ngudi chin t
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Gain, sat va danh gia lal Met budc
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Cac nguyen tee ego chic trong twang
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clang hanh lang cho met chinh kien.
Page 339 and 340: Met han chg vg dao difc mita lien q
Page 341 and 342: nhat di thuyet phuc? Ca nhan nay se
Page 343 and 344: can tra la mgt vi du. "Tei khOng ca
Page 345 and 346: deng phap H, viec dua ra tong luan)
Page 347 and 348: Hoat dong di kern voi cac hanh deng
Page 349 and 350: thong tin, phan tich du lieu, chia
Page 351 and 352: an giam et& hay nhfing ki nang khac
Page 353 and 354: vu phi hop vdi von de. Can can nhac
Page 355 and 356: giam d6c va van dua ra cac thong ti
Page 357 and 358: Chucrig 10 KIEN THOC VA KT NANG DAN
Page 359 and 360: hoa eke ket qua cho bat cu ca nhan
Page 361 and 362: qua dOi hOi chting ta phai dap Ung
Page 363 and 364: Cac thiet ke . AB D6 hieu Wide the
Page 365 and 366: HiNH 10.2. Vi du vg thigt ke B Cac
Page 367 and 368: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Page 369 and 370: 6 5 4 r 3 2 z 1 0 ,0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Page 371 and 372: nheing ding cu do goi la thang diem
Page 373 and 374: Dam manh va didm yea coa danh gia b
Page 375 and 376: (Xing nhu cac phuong phap khae, tha
Page 377 and 378: chung, nhang nghien cau nay bao gai
Page 379 and 380: cac xu huOng hoac cac me hinh có t
Page 381 and 382: Cac thiet k6 nhom throe Ring a ta r
Page 383 and 384: E ^. 0.) 40 • 35 30 25 • ♦ Ca
Page 385 and 386: an luyen nhOm da kgt auk. Diem caa
Page 387 and 388: chuong trinh vol tarn thanh vien. C
Page 389: trade va sau, met sg hoac tat ea ca
Page 393 and 394: Float deng danh gia nen dupe gan bo
Page 395 and 396: z TOM TAT Chtidng nay dua ra dinh n
Page 397 and 398: 16. Canda, E. R. & Furman, L. D. (1
Page 399 and 400: 46. Gorey, K. M., Leslie, D. R., Mo
Page 401 and 402: 74. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory
Page 403 and 404: 103. Preston. J. (1998). Integrativ
Page 405 and 406: 132. Sherman, A. (1973). Behavior m
Page 407: Chin trcich nhienz xulit bcin: Giam
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BAI GIANG CONG TAC XA HOI

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