Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

xii Contents
10.2.4 Reinforcing joints 459
10.2.5 Frames 459
Handling mirror frames 459
10.3 Repair by damage type 460
10.3.1 Loose and broken joints 460
10.3.2 Shrinkage checks and
splits 461
10.3.3 Hinges 465
10.3.4 Warping 465
10.3.5 Breaks and losses 468
10.3.6 Faulty construction 470
10.4 Veneer, marquetry and boulle 470
10.4.1 Laying veneer 471
10.4.2 Cleaning 473
10.4.3 Consolidation 474
10.4.4 Transferring the outline
of a loss 476
10.4.5 Replacing losses 476
10.4.6 Lifting original veneer 480
10.4.7 Coatings for boulle
work 481
10.4.8 Stringing and metal
inlay 481
10.5 Moulding and casting 482
10.5.1 General procedure 482
10.5.2 Selection of materials 483
10.5.3 Release agents 488
10.5.4 Making a mould 489
10.5.5 Colorants and fillers 489
10.5.6 Finishing 489
10.5.7 Gilders composition 490
Ingredients 490
Mixing 490
Bibliography 491
11 Principles of cleaning 494
11.1 Preliminaries 495
11.1.1 Cleaning objectives 495
11.1.2 Examination 496
11.1.3 Pre-cleaning checklist 496
11.1.4 General approach 496
11.1.5 Cleaning tests 497
11.1.6 Dirt 499
11.1.7 Removal of varnish or
overpaint 500
11.2 Mechanical cleaning 501
11.2.1 Dusting 501
11.2.2 Cleaving 501
11.2.3 Abrasives 503
11.2.4 Dry cleaning methods 503
11.3 Solvent cleaning 504
11.3.1 Classes of solvents that
may be encountered in
furniture conservation 505
Hydrocarbon solvents 505
Chlorinated hydrocarbons 509
Alcohols 510
Aldehydes and ketones 510
Ethers 511
Esters 511
Organic nitrogenous
compounds 511
11.3.2 Physical properties of
solvents 512
Evaporation rates, vapour
pressure and density 513
Viscosity 513
Surface tension and
capillary action 514
Toxicity 514
Flammability 515
11.3.3 Solubility 515
Process of dissolution 515
Solubility parameters 518
Predicting solubility 518
Solvent removal of varnish524
Mixing solvents 525
11.3.4 Proprietary paint strippers526
11.4 Chemical cleaning 527
11.4.1 Introduction to acids and
bases 527
11.4.2 Ka and pKa 528
11.4.3 Acids 529
11.4.4 Bases 529
11.5 Aqueous cleaning 529
11.5.1 pH and aqueous cleaning531
11.5.2 pH buffers 532
Choosing a buffer 532
11.5.3 Ionic concentration/
conductivity 533
11.5.4 Soaps, detergents and
surfactants 534
Detergents 535
Emulsions and hydrophilic
lipophilic balance (HLB)
numbers 535
Critical micelle
concentration (CMC) 536
Choosing a detergent 539
Residues and rinse
procedures 540
11.5.5 Chelating agents 540
Formation constants 542
Effects of pH and
conditional stability
constants 543