Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

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Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials and structures 223 Colour/group Chemical composition Origin/date Properties Refractive Pigment and description Index name Whites Chalk (whiting) Gypsum Lead white (flake white, Cremnitz white) Zinc white (Chinese white) Titanium oxide Red and orange Vermilion (cinnabar) Iron oxide reds – haematite, Indian red, light red, Mars red, Tuscan red, Venetian red Red lead (minium) One of many natural forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). Fine, soft, microscopically homogeneous, white or whitish powder Hydrated calcium sulphate CaSO 4.2H 2O. Fine, granular, crystalline Basic lead carbonate (2PbCO 3.Pb(OH) 2), very fine white crystalline powder. The most important of the lead pigments ZnO very finely divided, pure cold white, rounded particles or acicular crystals TiO 2. Extremely dense powerful opaque white. Mostly sold as a composite in which it is precipitated on a base of barium sulphate or calcium sulphate (typically 30% TiO 2: 70% BaSO 4). Both pure form and barium base form are fine and microcrystalline Mercuric sulphide (HgS). Crystalline form is red, amorphous form is black. Red varies in colour due to differences in particle size. Artificial variety very finely divided and homogeneous. Translucent deep orange red particles, very deep red by transmitted light Iron oxide, anhydrous (Fe 2O 3) or hydrated (Fe 2O 3.nH 2O). Anhydrous oxide dark purple red or maroon, hydrated form warm red to dull yellow. Some varieties (e.g. haematite) transparent by transmitted light others opaque. Darker varieties show elongated splintery dark brown lustrous particles of haematite Red tetroxide of lead (Pb 3O 4). Very opaque orange red, finely divided, crystalline or amorphous pigment with good hiding power Natural deposits Natural deposits Artificially prepared from early times by the action of acetic acid on lead and subsequent reaction with carbon dioxide Artificially prepared (1782). In use as water colour pigment from about 1834 and in oil from about 1850 Occurs in nature as Rutile but commercial pigment is prepared from titanated iron ore or Ilmenite (FeTiO 3). In use in paints from about 1920 Found as natural mineral cinnabar. Synthetic vermilion also available from very early times. Widely used in painting of nearly all periods and countries in the West since classical times Used since prehistoric times with continuous use in all periods. Difficult to distinguish natural from artificial varieties Artificially made but known from antiquity and used as a pigment into the Middle Ages Low refractive index gives poor hiding power in oil but covers well in water paints. Dissolves in acids with evolution of CO 2. See also section 4.4.2 on grounds Pure lead white in oil tends to chalk on weathering but does not crack or check and therefore leaves a good surface for repainting. Indoors, it tends to yellow. Blackened by sulphides in pigment mixtures or in air (but negligible in oil). Less good in watercolour or tempera. Toxic Oil films dry poorly. Requires more oil than lead white to form a paste. Unaffected by strong sunlight. Soluble in dilute alkalis. Can react with sulphides to form (white) zinc sulphide. Acicular form has greater tinting strength and hiding power. Non-poisonous. Oil films brittle The whitest of the whites. Greatest hiding power of any white pigment. Very stable and nonreactive. Failure to react with drying oils leads to soft paint films that require additional ZnO or driers to compensate Excellent body and hiding power. Generally very stable and durable but may darken in direct sunlight especially in water colour or tempera and therefore largely replaced by cadmium red. Natural form indistinguishable from synthetic Very stable. Unaffected by light or alkalis Reacts with nitric and acetic acids to form brown lead dioxide, with HCl to form white lead chloride and with sulphur to form black lead sulphide. Darkens on exposure to light and air. Artists’ 1.51–1.64 1.52–1.53 2.09 2.00 2.76 Rutile 1.75–2.5 Barium base 2.81–3.14 2.78–3.01 Haematite 2.42 continued
224 Conservation of Furniture Table 5.3 Pigments – continued Colour/group Chemical composition Origin/date Properties Refractive Pigment and description Index name Dragon’s blood Madder lake Alizarin crimson Cadmium red Yellow Yellow ochre Massicot and litharge Orpiment (King’s yellow) Realgar Mars yellow Not strictly a pigment. Dark red by reflected light but clear orange red by transmitted light A mixture of alizarin and purpurin, both anthraquinone dyestuffs. Usually very fine crimson red powder 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone obtained from madder root (Rubia tinctorum). Lake pigment made by precipitating dye on aluminium hydrate (Al(OH) 3) Cadmium sulpho-selenide (CdS(Se)). Shades varying from deep maroon to vermilion can be prepared by varying the ratio of selenium to sulphur and the conditions of the reaction. Very small non-crystalline particles of very high refractive index Ochres are natural earths consisting of silica and clay with colour (yellow, golden, red or brown) due to oxides of iron. Colour in yellow ochre is caused by hydrated forms of Fe 2O 3.H 2O chiefly goethite. Usually very small regular grains. Varies in shade, usually rather dull golden yellow by reflected light Both forms of yellow lead monoxide PbO. Massicot is dull yellow, litharge usually contains a little red lead and is therefore a little more orange. Fine almost amorphous texture like lead white Arsenic trisulphide (As 2S 3). Brilliant rich lemon yellow in pure form. Crystalline, occurring in small flakes and fibrous masses. Coarsely ground to preserve rich colour. Surface appears glossy or waxy Natural orange red sulphide of arsenic (As 2S 2) closely related to orpiment and associated with it in nature Mars colours are artificial ochres precipitated from a solution containing alum and a soluble iron salt using alkali. This produces a yellow precipitate of variable colour depending on the proportions of alum used. When heated, the yellow gives rise to various shades of orange, red, Dark red resinous exudate from fruit of the rattan palm (Calamus draco) First isolated in 1826 and first synthesized in 1868. The first natural dyestuff to be made synthetically Prepared by precipitation from cadmium sulphate using sodium sulphide and selenium. Commercial production began c.1910 Natural product in early and continuous use. Artificial product Mars yellow is also made Manufactured pigment known from antiquity Natural mineral known from ancient times. Once widely used but now largely abandoned because of toxicity and supply shortages use discontinued but still important in anti corrosive paints for iron. Toxic Soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. Has been used for colouring varnishes but not much as an artists’ colour. Fugitive unless locked in a resin film Natural madder lake fluoresces under UV light but synthetic variety does not Base is finely divided, semitransparent, inert. Synthetic alizarin is among most light fast of organic red pigments but may not be permanent when mixed with earth colours Very good hiding power. Stable, light resistant popular modern pigment. Very toxic Ochres vary in hiding power, that of yellow ochre is good. Unaffected by acids and alkalis and permanent in all techniques Good hiding power and properties similar to lead white. Unaffected by strong light but may revert to lead white on long exposure to damp air Highly refracting with fair hiding power. Stable to light, air and most chemicals but incompatible with some lead and copper pigments because of its sulphide content The chemical and physical properties are similar to those of orpiment. Considered too poisonous for modern use c 1.7 (base) 2.64–2.77 2.0–2.3 2.51–2.71 2.4–3.02 Slightly < orpiment continued
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Conservation of Furniture
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Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
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Contents Series editors’ preface
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3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
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The actual move 275 Protection of o
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Recording and reporting treatment 4
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11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
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15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
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16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
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Series editors’ preface The conse
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Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
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Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
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Acknowledgements It would take a ve
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Illustration acknowledgements The a
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Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
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Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
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Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
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Part 1 History
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1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
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Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
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Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
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conjunction of polychromy and carvi
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Materials used The choice of materi
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period reflects the dour and simple
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Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
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to use the continental dovetailing
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Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
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furniture by contrast was generally
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Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
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One process of construction that co
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eforms in education (1870 Elementar
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chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
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Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
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Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
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major feature, and confirmed the se
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Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
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Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
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The range of finishes has increased
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Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
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Specific texts relating to trade or
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Part 2 Materials
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2 Wood and wooden structures It is
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many properties, such as increasing
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ant consideration in the selection
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2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
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may be gradual in some woods, abrup
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PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
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the United States. In the UK, the T
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Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
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Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
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Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
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A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
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Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
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In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
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Figure 2.12 A representative portio
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depending upon species, whether sap
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0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
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Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
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mechanical effects of repeated shri
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wood member, for example, a block o
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The strength of wood in compression
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er of defects and repairs, and the
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unwanted movement in the joint is r
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2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
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Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
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3 Upholstery materials and structur
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Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
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Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
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it over a blunt metal blade or by p
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and dried to remove unwanted flesh
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Rattan or cane The cane that is use
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wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
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The surfaces of both woven and non-
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(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
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was not until the early nineteenth
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(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
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The ability of elastomers to be mou
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include polysaccharide gums such as
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Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
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Plastics and polymers, coatings and
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Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
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Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
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CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
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(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
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Page 208 and 209: Plastics and polymers, coatings and
Page 212 and 213: Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
Page 230 and 231: Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
Page 232 and 233: (a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
Page 234 and 235: Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
Page 236 and 237: In walrus ivory an outer primary de
Page 238 and 239: (a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
Page 240 and 241: Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
Page 242 and 243: tive applications. Metal tools have
Page 244 and 245: e preferred by hand smiths until it
Page 246 and 247: Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
Page 248 and 249: observed features can be carried ou
Page 250 and 251: Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
Page 252 and 253: Early in the fourteenth century sma
Page 254 and 255: diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
Page 256 and 257: a substance exists as a hybrid of t
Page 260 and 261: Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
Page 262 and 263: Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
Page 264 and 265: Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
Page 266 and 267: Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
Page 268 and 269: parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
Page 270 and 271: Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
Page 272 and 273: Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
Page 274 and 275: Part 3 Deterioration
Page 276 and 277: 6 General review of environment and
Page 278 and 279: which water, oxygen and other react
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Page 282 and 283: protect the material. When these be
Page 284 and 285: Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
Page 286 and 287: through which daylight is highly di
Page 288 and 289: climate. An important aspect of the
Page 290 and 291: (a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
Page 292 and 293: panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
Page 294 and 295: allowed to expand in one part of th
Page 296 and 297: paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
Page 298 and 299: ences listed at the end of the foll
Page 300 and 301: about by localized conditions such
Page 302 and 303: about the same size as the width of
Page 304 and 305: ing for some time before they are n
Page 306 and 307: may cause irreparable damage. Appli
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ensure that the chance of further i
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plied by the density of the materia
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6.2.8 Environmental management for
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est changed at the same intervals.
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in locations familiar to all to sav
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Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
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7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
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(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
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figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
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time of exposure, moisture content
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RH changes lead to changes in moist
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
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(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
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one has proof of active infestation
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including starch depletion of timbe
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ise, when making wooden structures,
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(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
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Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
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Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
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woodworm damage is accompanied by s
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century. In between these examples
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8 Deterioration of other materials
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(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
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Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
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Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
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occur either as a result of the des
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colour of a decorative paint surfac
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traditional furniture materials. Po
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preferentially absorb energy at wav
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may not be directly proportional to
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Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
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Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
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(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
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which property changes become appar
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ond with the support. Uneven drying
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the structure of the lacquer film a
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8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
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~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
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within the leather leads to a react
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crease at corners of upholstery, or
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eaves of buildings are a source fro
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inter-chain interactions are the ma
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
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trims to the frame may render fibre
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Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
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Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
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Part 4 Conservation
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9 Conservation preliminaries This c
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techniques and rigorous grounding i
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• The retention of as much origin
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
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and preservation. He proposed a mod
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cally be undertaken. Before embarki
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cal, solutions include enclosing th
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various materials that make up the
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the nature, extent, severity and lo
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treatment needs. Reliable identific
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Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
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information should always be carefu
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ange immediately upon excitation. T
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when dyes are being used to achieve
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cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
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structure of elements that have bee
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(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
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design. This can be specially commi
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candle 1900 K Household electric li
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fessional quality shots in conserva
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• Availability of adaptors for cl
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Recording and reporting treatment O
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should also be provided in or close
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it is possible to share some facili
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Solvent storage Solvents should be
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(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
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Wherever possible, manual handling
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some specific details of that proce
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outes of entry to the body; risk ph
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(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
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isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
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general maintenance of the workshop
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and other emergencies such as gas l
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Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
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Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
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example, extensive treatment on one
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of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
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(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
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Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
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(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
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Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
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Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
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Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
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measure the diagonals across the se
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(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
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10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
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microballoons. They may be levelled
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Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
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as a gap filler in cases where a fa
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should be critically evaluated befo
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(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
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to the substrate or by using paper
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e progressively tightened over the
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Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
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ducing the curves on boulle and mar
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similar fabric is stretched across
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ures involved in preparing a copy o
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and capture a high degree of detail
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materials, used extensively by scul
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making material. Traditional releas
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The compo can be rolled out into a
Page 528 and 529:
Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
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ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
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(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
Page 534 and 535:
Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
Page 536 and 537:
11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
Page 538 and 539:
When a scalpel is used to pick away
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adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
Page 542 and 543:
USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
Page 544 and 545:
alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
Page 548 and 549:
suppliers. Careful selection of sol
Page 550 and 551:
agency within the Department of Lab
Page 552 and 553:
There are four stages in the dissol
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 11.10 The positions of some
Page 556 and 557:
Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
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ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
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as odourless mineral spirits or whi
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effective in breaking down coatings
Page 564 and 565:
11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
Page 566 and 567:
keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
Page 572 and 573:
(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
Page 578 and 579:
constant (k) (at standard temperatu
Page 580 and 581:
Conditional stability constant (log
Page 582 and 583:
solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
Page 590 and 591:
on the application. It has been sug
Page 592 and 593:
As with gels formulated from cellul
Page 594 and 595:
Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
Page 596 and 597:
Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
Page 598 and 599:
12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
Page 600 and 601:
Natural materials Wax has been used
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tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
Page 604 and 605:
that influences the choice of gelat
Page 606 and 607:
malachite and azurite. Decorative s
Page 608 and 609:
of flakes and cups but care should
Page 610 and 611:
damage when levelling the fill and
Page 612 and 613:
erty of the adhesive polymer rather
Page 614 and 615:
dimensional forms such as curved co
Page 616 and 617:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
Page 618 and 619:
chemical stability, flexibility and
Page 620 and 621:
colours are ideal for under-saturat
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and those that must withstand use.
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efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
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use whenever possible and many cons
Page 628 and 629:
tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
Page 630 and 631:
although slower evaporating solvent
Page 632 and 633:
ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
Page 634 and 635:
Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
Page 636 and 637:
(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
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appearance of paintings, Studies in
Page 640 and 641:
American Chemical Society, Washingt
Page 642 and 643:
often rely on self-levelling spray
Page 644 and 645:
ecoming progressively harder and da
Page 646 and 647:
Identifying a historical progressio
Page 648 and 649:
normally seen, so that it can be mo
Page 650 and 651:
Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
Page 652 and 653:
of an overall finishing strategy. I
Page 654 and 655:
e used cautiously and with suitable
Page 656 and 657:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
Page 660 and 661:
Thus conservation grade materials m
Page 662 and 663:
ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
Page 666 and 667:
(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
Page 668 and 669:
French polishing French polishing d
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during a polishing session. If the
Page 672 and 673:
applying fresh polish before pullin
Page 674 and 675:
the addition of a separate thixotro
Page 676 and 677:
Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
Page 686 and 687:
however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
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areas, however deep, that have been
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15 Conserving other materials I Thi
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Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
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shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
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oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
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gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
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(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
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(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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