Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

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11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching and blooming 551 11.6 Thickened solvent delivery systems – pastes, poultices and gels 552 11.6.1 Controlled vapour delivery 553 11.6.2 Gelling materials 553 Clays 553 Cellulose ethers 554 Polyacrylic acid (Carbopol) 556 Bibliography 557 12 Principles of consolidation, aesthetic reintegration and coatings 560 12.1 Basic principles 560 12.1.1 Making solutions 561 Concentration 561 Molar solutions 561 Dilution 561 Measuring small quantities without a balance 562 12.2 Consolidation 562 12.2.1 Introduction to consolidation treatment 562 12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant and reverse migration 563 12.2.3 Consolidation of wood 563 Materials used to consolidate wood 564 12.2.4 Consolidation of painted and decorated surfaces 566 Traditional vs. modern materials 567 Materials used for the consolidation of decorative surfaces 567 Application techniques 571 Flakes, cups, tents and blisters 572 Facing 573 12.3 Aesthetic reintegration 574 12.3.1 Fills 574 Introduction to filling 574 Fill materials 576 12.3.2 Retouching 578 Introduction to retouching 578 Light, colour and metamerism 579 Materials for retouching 582 Contents xiii Making paint tablets 585 Commercial preparations 586 12.4 Coatings 586 12.4.1 Introduction to coating 586 12.4.2 Saturation and gloss 587 Refractive index 588 Gloss 589 Molecular weight 589 12.4.3 Varnish formulation 589 12.4.4 Matting down varnishes 590 12.4.5 Stabilizers 592 12.4.6 Selecting a coating 593 12.4.7 Coating materials 593 Natural resins 593 Acrylics 594 Synthetic low molecular weight varnishes 595 12.4.8 Application methods for coatings 598 Brush application 598 Spray application 598 Bibliography 602 13 Conserving transparent coatings on wood 606 13.1 Introduction to transparent finishes 606 13.1.1 Photochemical oxidation and patina 607 13.1.2 Revivers 607 13.2 Cleaning 608 13.3 Selective layer removal 610 13.4 Surface blemishes 611 13.4.1 Dents and scratches 611 13.4.2 Watermarks 611 13.4.3 In-filling varnish losses 612 13.5 Colour matching repairs to varnished wood 612 13.5.1 Introduction to colour matching processes 612 13.5.2 Surface preparation 613 13.5.3 Materials for colour matching wood repairs 614 Precautionary measures 614 Bleaches 614 Addition of colour to wood repairs: pigments, lakes and stains 616 13.5.4 Grain fillers 620 13.5.5 Stoppings and filling materials 622 13.5.6 Colour matching methods 624
xiv Contents Binding media for colour matching varnished wood 624 Applying pigments 625 Applying stains 625 Sealing coats 626 13.6 Treatment of degraded varnish 627 13.7 Application of coatings to varnished wood 628 13.7.1 Non-traditional materials 628 13.7.2 Traditional materials 629 Wax 629 Oils 630 Natural resins 631 French polishing 633 Glazing 637 13.8 Craquelure, crazing and crocodiling 637 13.9 Polishing or dulling a varnished surface 638 13.10 Distressing 639 Bibliography 639 14 Introduction to traditional gilding 642 14.1 Background 642 14.1.1 Water and oil gilding 642 14.1.2 <strong>Tools</strong> for gilding 643 14.1.3 Gold and metal leaf 646 14.1.4 Surface preparation 647 14.1.5 Gesso putty 647 14.2 Water gilding 647 14.2.1 Conditions for gilding 647 14.2.2 Size 648 14.2.3 Preparation of glue size 648 14.2.4 Assessing gel strength 648 14.2.5 Sizing the wood 649 14.2.6 Gesso 649 14.2.7 Application of gesso 650 14.2.8 Faults in the gesso 652 14.2.9 Smoothing the gesso 652 14.2.10 Decorative details 653 14.2.11 Recutting 653 14.2.12 Yellow ochre 655 14.2.13 Bole 655 14.2.14 Laying the leaf 658 14.2.15 Faulting 660 14.2.16 Matte water gilding 660 14.2.17 Double gilding 661 14.2.18 Burnishing 661 14.2.19 Punched decoration 662 14.2.20 Coatings 662 14.3 Oil gilding 663 14.3.1 Mordants for oil gilding 663 14.3.2 Surface preparation 664 14.3.3 Applying the oil size 664 14.3.4 Applying gold leaf 664 14.3.5 Coatings 665 14.4 Composition 665 Bibliography 666 15 Conserving other materials I 667 15.1 Ivory, bone and antler, turtleshell and horn, mother-of-pearl 667 15.1.1 Ivory, bone and antler 667 Cleaning 667 Staining 668 Consolidation 669 Humidification 669 Adhesives 669 Replacements 670 Staining ivory 670 Polychrome ivory 670 Coatings 671 Antler 671 Repair and replacement 671 15.1.2 Turtleshell and horn 671 Cleaning 671 Consolidation 671 Replacing losses 672 Coatings 673 15.1.3 Mother-of-pearl 673 Cleaning 673 Consolidation 674 Replacing losses 674 Coatings 674 15.2 Paper labels and linings on furniture 674 15.2.1 Labels 675 Options for dealing with a label on furniture 675 15.2.2 Paper liners 676 15.3 Metals 677 15.3.1 Introduction 677 Patina 678 Removal of metal fittings 678 15.3.2 Cleaning 678 15.3.3 Removal of corrosion products 679 Mechanical removal of corrosion products 680 Electrochemical and electrolytic reduction 681 Chemical removal of corrosion products 682 15.3.4 Rinsing and drying 682
Page 2 and 3: Conservation of Furniture
Page 4 and 5: Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series editors’ preface
Page 8 and 9: 3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
Page 10 and 11: The actual move 275 Protection of o
Page 12 and 13: Recording and reporting treatment 4
Page 16 and 17: 15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
Page 18 and 19: 16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
Page 20 and 21: Series editors’ preface The conse
Page 22 and 23: Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
Page 24 and 25: Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
Page 26 and 27: Acknowledgements It would take a ve
Page 28 and 29: Illustration acknowledgements The a
Page 30 and 31: Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
Page 32 and 33: Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
Page 34 and 35: Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
Page 36 and 37: Part 1 History
Page 38 and 39: 1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
Page 40 and 41: Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
Page 44 and 45: conjunction of polychromy and carvi
Page 46 and 47: Materials used The choice of materi
Page 48 and 49: period reflects the dour and simple
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
Page 52 and 53: to use the continental dovetailing
Page 54 and 55: Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
Page 56 and 57: furniture by contrast was generally
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
Page 60 and 61: One process of construction that co
Page 62 and 63: eforms in education (1870 Elementar
Page 64 and 65:
chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
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Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
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major feature, and confirmed the se
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Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
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Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
Page 76 and 77:
The range of finishes has increased
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Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
Page 80 and 81:
Specific texts relating to trade or
Page 82 and 83:
Part 2 Materials
Page 84 and 85:
2 Wood and wooden structures It is
Page 86 and 87:
many properties, such as increasing
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ant consideration in the selection
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2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
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may be gradual in some woods, abrup
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PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
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the United States. In the UK, the T
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Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
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Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
Page 102 and 103:
Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
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A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
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Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
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In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
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Figure 2.12 A representative portio
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depending upon species, whether sap
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0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
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Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
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mechanical effects of repeated shri
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wood member, for example, a block o
Page 122 and 123:
The strength of wood in compression
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er of defects and repairs, and the
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unwanted movement in the joint is r
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2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
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Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
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3 Upholstery materials and structur
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Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
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Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
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it over a blunt metal blade or by p
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and dried to remove unwanted flesh
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Rattan or cane The cane that is use
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wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
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The surfaces of both woven and non-
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(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
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was not until the early nineteenth
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(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
Page 154 and 155:
The ability of elastomers to be mou
Page 156 and 157:
include polysaccharide gums such as
Page 158 and 159:
Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
Page 160 and 161:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
Page 168 and 169:
Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
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Page 204 and 205:
(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
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Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
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Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
Page 232 and 233:
(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
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Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
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In walrus ivory an outer primary de
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(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
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Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
Page 242 and 243:
tive applications. Metal tools have
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e preferred by hand smiths until it
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Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
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observed features can be carried ou
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Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
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Early in the fourteenth century sma
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diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
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a substance exists as a hybrid of t
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Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
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Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
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parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
Page 270 and 271:
Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
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Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
Page 274 and 275:
Part 3 Deterioration
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6 General review of environment and
Page 278 and 279:
which water, oxygen and other react
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standard free energies of starting
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protect the material. When these be
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Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
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through which daylight is highly di
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climate. An important aspect of the
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(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
Page 292 and 293:
panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
Page 294 and 295:
allowed to expand in one part of th
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paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
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ences listed at the end of the foll
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about by localized conditions such
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about the same size as the width of
Page 304 and 305:
ing for some time before they are n
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may cause irreparable damage. Appli
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ensure that the chance of further i
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plied by the density of the materia
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6.2.8 Environmental management for
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est changed at the same intervals.
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in locations familiar to all to sav
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Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
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7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
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(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
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figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
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time of exposure, moisture content
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RH changes lead to changes in moist
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
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(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
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one has proof of active infestation
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including starch depletion of timbe
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ise, when making wooden structures,
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(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
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Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
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Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
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woodworm damage is accompanied by s
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century. In between these examples
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8 Deterioration of other materials
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(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
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Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
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Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
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occur either as a result of the des
Page 360 and 361:
colour of a decorative paint surfac
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traditional furniture materials. Po
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preferentially absorb energy at wav
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may not be directly proportional to
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Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
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Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
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(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
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which property changes become appar
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ond with the support. Uneven drying
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the structure of the lacquer film a
Page 380 and 381:
8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
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~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
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within the leather leads to a react
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crease at corners of upholstery, or
Page 388 and 389:
eaves of buildings are a source fro
Page 390 and 391:
inter-chain interactions are the ma
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
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trims to the frame may render fibre
Page 396 and 397:
Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
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Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
Page 400 and 401:
Part 4 Conservation
Page 402 and 403:
9 Conservation preliminaries This c
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techniques and rigorous grounding i
Page 406 and 407:
• The retention of as much origin
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
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and preservation. He proposed a mod
Page 412 and 413:
cally be undertaken. Before embarki
Page 414 and 415:
cal, solutions include enclosing th
Page 416 and 417:
various materials that make up the
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the nature, extent, severity and lo
Page 420 and 421:
treatment needs. Reliable identific
Page 422 and 423:
Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
Page 424 and 425:
information should always be carefu
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ange immediately upon excitation. T
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when dyes are being used to achieve
Page 430 and 431:
cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
Page 432 and 433:
structure of elements that have bee
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(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
Page 436 and 437:
design. This can be specially commi
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candle 1900 K Household electric li
Page 440 and 441:
fessional quality shots in conserva
Page 442 and 443:
• Availability of adaptors for cl
Page 444 and 445:
Recording and reporting treatment O
Page 446 and 447:
should also be provided in or close
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it is possible to share some facili
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Solvent storage Solvents should be
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(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
Page 454 and 455:
Wherever possible, manual handling
Page 456 and 457:
some specific details of that proce
Page 458 and 459:
outes of entry to the body; risk ph
Page 460 and 461:
(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
Page 462 and 463:
isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
Page 464 and 465:
general maintenance of the workshop
Page 466 and 467:
and other emergencies such as gas l
Page 468 and 469:
Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
Page 470 and 471:
Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
Page 472 and 473:
example, extensive treatment on one
Page 474 and 475:
of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
Page 476 and 477:
(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
Page 478 and 479:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
Page 480 and 481:
Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
Page 482 and 483:
(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
Page 484 and 485:
Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
Page 486 and 487:
Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
Page 488 and 489:
Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
Page 490 and 491:
measure the diagonals across the se
Page 492 and 493:
(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
Page 494 and 495:
10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
Page 496 and 497:
microballoons. They may be levelled
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
Page 500 and 501:
as a gap filler in cases where a fa
Page 502 and 503:
should be critically evaluated befo
Page 504 and 505:
(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
Page 506 and 507:
to the substrate or by using paper
Page 508 and 509:
e progressively tightened over the
Page 510 and 511:
Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
Page 512 and 513:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
Page 514 and 515:
ducing the curves on boulle and mar
Page 516 and 517:
similar fabric is stretched across
Page 518 and 519:
ures involved in preparing a copy o
Page 520 and 521:
and capture a high degree of detail
Page 522 and 523:
materials, used extensively by scul
Page 524 and 525:
making material. Traditional releas
Page 526 and 527:
The compo can be rolled out into a
Page 528 and 529:
Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
Page 530 and 531:
ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
Page 532 and 533:
(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
Page 534 and 535:
Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
Page 536 and 537:
11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
Page 538 and 539:
When a scalpel is used to pick away
Page 540 and 541:
adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
Page 542 and 543:
USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
Page 544 and 545:
alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
Page 548 and 549:
suppliers. Careful selection of sol
Page 550 and 551:
agency within the Department of Lab
Page 552 and 553:
There are four stages in the dissol
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 11.10 The positions of some
Page 556 and 557:
Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
Page 558 and 559:
ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
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as odourless mineral spirits or whi
Page 562 and 563:
effective in breaking down coatings
Page 564 and 565:
11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
Page 566 and 567:
keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
Page 572 and 573:
(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
Page 578 and 579:
constant (k) (at standard temperatu
Page 580 and 581:
Conditional stability constant (log
Page 582 and 583:
solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
Page 590 and 591:
on the application. It has been sug
Page 592 and 593:
As with gels formulated from cellul
Page 594 and 595:
Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
Page 596 and 597:
Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
Page 598 and 599:
12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
Page 600 and 601:
Natural materials Wax has been used
Page 602 and 603:
tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
Page 604 and 605:
that influences the choice of gelat
Page 606 and 607:
malachite and azurite. Decorative s
Page 608 and 609:
of flakes and cups but care should
Page 610 and 611:
damage when levelling the fill and
Page 612 and 613:
erty of the adhesive polymer rather
Page 614 and 615:
dimensional forms such as curved co
Page 616 and 617:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
Page 618 and 619:
chemical stability, flexibility and
Page 620 and 621:
colours are ideal for under-saturat
Page 622 and 623:
and those that must withstand use.
Page 624 and 625:
efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
Page 626 and 627:
use whenever possible and many cons
Page 628 and 629:
tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
Page 630 and 631:
although slower evaporating solvent
Page 632 and 633:
ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
Page 634 and 635:
Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
Page 636 and 637:
(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
Page 638 and 639:
appearance of paintings, Studies in
Page 640 and 641:
American Chemical Society, Washingt
Page 642 and 643:
often rely on self-levelling spray
Page 644 and 645:
ecoming progressively harder and da
Page 646 and 647:
Identifying a historical progressio
Page 648 and 649:
normally seen, so that it can be mo
Page 650 and 651:
Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
Page 652 and 653:
of an overall finishing strategy. I
Page 654 and 655:
e used cautiously and with suitable
Page 656 and 657:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
Page 660 and 661:
Thus conservation grade materials m
Page 662 and 663:
ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
Page 666 and 667:
(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
Page 668 and 669:
French polishing French polishing d
Page 670 and 671:
during a polishing session. If the
Page 672 and 673:
applying fresh polish before pullin
Page 674 and 675:
the addition of a separate thixotro
Page 676 and 677:
Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
Page 686 and 687:
however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
Page 704 and 705:
Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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