Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

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15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replacement elements 683 15.3.7 Application of coatings after conservation 684 Method of application 685 Preferential corrosion 685 Coating materials for metals 686 15.3.8 Ferrous metals 688 Patination of iron 688 Mechanical removal of corrosion products 689 Rust converters 690 Chemical removal of corrosion products 691 Coatings 692 15.3.9 Brass and bronze 692 Stabilization 692 Mechanical removal of corrosion products 693 Chemical removal of corrosion products 693 Stress corrosion cracking 693 Dezincification and the deposition of insoluble metal complexes 694 Reagents for the chemical removal of corrosion products 694 15.3.10 Ormolu 696 Cleaning 697 Removal of corrosion products 697 15.3.11 Silver 698 Removal of corrosion products 699 Reshaping 700 Prevention of tarnish 700 Coatings 700 15.3.12 Lead 700 Removal of corrosion products 701 Coatings 701 15.4 Ceramics and enamels 701 15.4.1 Cleaning 702 15.4.2 Bonding 702 15.4.3 Filling losses 703 15.4.4 Retouching 703 15.4.5 Enamels 704 15.5 Flat glass, mirrors, reverse painted and gilded glass 705 15.5.1 Flat glass 705 15.5.2 Mirrored glass 705 Contents xv 15.5.3 Painted and decorated glass 706 15.5.4 Repairs to adjacent wood 707 15.5.5 Removing glass 707 15.5.6 Refitting decorated and mirrored glass 708 15.5.7 Cleaning undecorated glass 708 15.5.8 Cleaning mirrored and decorated glass 709 15.5.9 Repair of glass 709 15.5.10 Consolidation 709 15.5.11 Restoration and retouching 710 15.5.12 Coatings 710 Bibliography 710 16 Conserving other materials II 714 16.1 Stone and related materials 714 16.1.1 Marble 714 Cleaning 714 Consolidation 716 Repair and reintegration 716 Coatings 717 16.1.2 Scagliola 717 Cleaning 717 Consolidation 717 Fills 718 Coatings 718 16.1.3 Piètre dure 718 Cleaning 718 Fills/losses 718 Coatings 718 16.2 Plastics 719 16.2.1 Introduction to plastics 719 16.2.2 Cleaning 719 16.2.3 Adhesives and consolidation 720 16.2.4 Filling 721 16.2.5 Retouching 721 16.2.6 Coatings 721 16.3 Upholstery 721 16.3.1 Introduction to upholstery conservation 721 16.3.2 Ethics 722 16.3.3 Examination and documentation of upholstery 723 16.3.4 Previous interventions 723 16.3.5 Condition of the frame 724 16.3.6 Materials 724 16.3.7 Non-invasive treatments 725
xvi Contents Surface cleaning 725 Semi-transparent coverings 725 Case covers 726 Stabilizing with repairs 726 Supports 726 16.3.8 Invasive treatments 726 Removal and documentation 726 Metal fixings 727 Cleaning 727 Supports 728 Reapplication of lined textiles 729 Storage for study as an alternative to reapplication 729 Independent sub-frames 729 16.3.9 Rush, reed and cane 729 Rehumidification 729 Deacidification 730 Repair 730 16.3.10 Imitation leather 730 16.4 Leather, parchment and shagreen 731 16.4.1 Leather 731 Evaluating the surface of the leather 731 Cleaning 732 Chemical stabilization 732 Consolidation 733 Infills 734 Backing materials 736 Coatings 736 16.4.2 Parchment and vellum 736 Cleaning 737 Repair and support 738 Coatings 739 16.4.3 Shagreen 739 Cleaning 740 Lifting edges and tears 740 16.5 Textiles 740 16.5.1 Cleaning 742 16.5.2 Loose and lifting linings 742 16.6 Painted furniture 743 16.6.1 Introduction to conservation of painted furniture 743 16.6.2 Cleaning 744 16.6.3 Removal of varnish 745 Mechanical removal 747 Solvents 747 Alkaline reagents 749 Aqueous methods 749 Removal of synthetic varnishes 751 16.6.4 Removal of overpaint 751 16.6.5 Consolidation 752 16.6.6 Reintegration 752 16.6.7 Coatings 752 16.6.8 Matte paint 753 16.7 Japanned furniture 753 16.7.1 Introduction to japanning753 16.7.2 Examination of objects 754 16.7.3 Cleaning 755 16.7.4 Removal of overpaint and later varnishes 757 16.7.5 Consolidation 757 16.7.6 Infilling 758 Fills for grounds 758 Fills for papier mâché 759 Fills for japanned layers 759 16.7.7 Varnishes 759 16.8 Lacquered (urushi) furniture 760 16.8.1 Introduction and definition 760 16.8.2 Handling lacquer 760 16.8.3 Distinguishing Oriental lacquer from japanning 761 16.8.4 Eastern and Western approaches to restoration and conservation 762 16.8.5 Cleaning 763 Potential problems 763 Removal of surface dirt and accretions 763 Cleaning decorative elements 764 Removing unwanted coatings 764 16.8.6 Consolidation 766 Softening brittle lacquer before consolidation 766 Flattening distorted lacquer 767 Materials 767 Shell inlay 768 16.8.7 Infilling 768 16.8.8 Retouching 768 16.8.9 Restoring a degraded matte surface 769 16.8.10 Coatings 769 16.9 Gilded furniture 770 16.9.1 Introduction to conservation of gilded surfaces 770
Page 2 and 3: Conservation of Furniture
Page 4 and 5: Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series editors’ preface
Page 8 and 9: 3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
Page 10 and 11: The actual move 275 Protection of o
Page 12 and 13: Recording and reporting treatment 4
Page 14 and 15: 11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
Page 18 and 19: 16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
Page 20 and 21: Series editors’ preface The conse
Page 22 and 23: Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
Page 24 and 25: Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
Page 26 and 27: Acknowledgements It would take a ve
Page 28 and 29: Illustration acknowledgements The a
Page 30 and 31: Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
Page 32 and 33: Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
Page 34 and 35: Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
Page 36 and 37: Part 1 History
Page 38 and 39: 1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
Page 40 and 41: Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
Page 44 and 45: conjunction of polychromy and carvi
Page 46 and 47: Materials used The choice of materi
Page 48 and 49: period reflects the dour and simple
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
Page 52 and 53: to use the continental dovetailing
Page 54 and 55: Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
Page 56 and 57: furniture by contrast was generally
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
Page 60 and 61: One process of construction that co
Page 62 and 63: eforms in education (1870 Elementar
Page 64 and 65: chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
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Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
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major feature, and confirmed the se
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Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
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Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
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The range of finishes has increased
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Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
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Specific texts relating to trade or
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Part 2 Materials
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2 Wood and wooden structures It is
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many properties, such as increasing
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ant consideration in the selection
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2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
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may be gradual in some woods, abrup
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PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
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the United States. In the UK, the T
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Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
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Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
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Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
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A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
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Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
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In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
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Figure 2.12 A representative portio
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depending upon species, whether sap
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0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
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Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
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mechanical effects of repeated shri
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wood member, for example, a block o
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The strength of wood in compression
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er of defects and repairs, and the
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unwanted movement in the joint is r
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2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
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Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
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3 Upholstery materials and structur
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Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
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Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
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it over a blunt metal blade or by p
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and dried to remove unwanted flesh
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Rattan or cane The cane that is use
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wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
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The surfaces of both woven and non-
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(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
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was not until the early nineteenth
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(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
Page 154 and 155:
The ability of elastomers to be mou
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include polysaccharide gums such as
Page 158 and 159:
Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
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Plastics and polymers, coatings and
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
Page 168 and 169:
Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
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(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
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Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
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Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
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(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
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Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
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In walrus ivory an outer primary de
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(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
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Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
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tive applications. Metal tools have
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e preferred by hand smiths until it
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Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
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observed features can be carried ou
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Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
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Early in the fourteenth century sma
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diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
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a substance exists as a hybrid of t
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Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
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Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
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parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
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Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
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Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
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Part 3 Deterioration
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6 General review of environment and
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which water, oxygen and other react
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standard free energies of starting
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protect the material. When these be
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Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
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through which daylight is highly di
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climate. An important aspect of the
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(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
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panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
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allowed to expand in one part of th
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paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
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ences listed at the end of the foll
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about by localized conditions such
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about the same size as the width of
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ing for some time before they are n
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may cause irreparable damage. Appli
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ensure that the chance of further i
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plied by the density of the materia
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6.2.8 Environmental management for
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est changed at the same intervals.
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in locations familiar to all to sav
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Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
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7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
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(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
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figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
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time of exposure, moisture content
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RH changes lead to changes in moist
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
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(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
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one has proof of active infestation
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including starch depletion of timbe
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ise, when making wooden structures,
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(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
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Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
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Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
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woodworm damage is accompanied by s
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century. In between these examples
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8 Deterioration of other materials
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(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
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Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
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Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
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occur either as a result of the des
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colour of a decorative paint surfac
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traditional furniture materials. Po
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preferentially absorb energy at wav
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may not be directly proportional to
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Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
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Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
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(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
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which property changes become appar
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ond with the support. Uneven drying
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the structure of the lacquer film a
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8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
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~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
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within the leather leads to a react
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crease at corners of upholstery, or
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eaves of buildings are a source fro
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inter-chain interactions are the ma
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
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trims to the frame may render fibre
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Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
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Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
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Part 4 Conservation
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9 Conservation preliminaries This c
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techniques and rigorous grounding i
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• The retention of as much origin
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
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and preservation. He proposed a mod
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cally be undertaken. Before embarki
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cal, solutions include enclosing th
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various materials that make up the
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the nature, extent, severity and lo
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treatment needs. Reliable identific
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Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
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information should always be carefu
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ange immediately upon excitation. T
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when dyes are being used to achieve
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cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
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structure of elements that have bee
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(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
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design. This can be specially commi
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candle 1900 K Household electric li
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fessional quality shots in conserva
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• Availability of adaptors for cl
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Recording and reporting treatment O
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should also be provided in or close
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it is possible to share some facili
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Solvent storage Solvents should be
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(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
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Wherever possible, manual handling
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some specific details of that proce
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outes of entry to the body; risk ph
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(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
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isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
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general maintenance of the workshop
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and other emergencies such as gas l
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Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
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Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
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example, extensive treatment on one
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of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
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(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
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Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
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(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
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Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
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Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
Page 488 and 489:
Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
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measure the diagonals across the se
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(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
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10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
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microballoons. They may be levelled
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Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
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as a gap filler in cases where a fa
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should be critically evaluated befo
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(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
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to the substrate or by using paper
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e progressively tightened over the
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Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
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ducing the curves on boulle and mar
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similar fabric is stretched across
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ures involved in preparing a copy o
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and capture a high degree of detail
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materials, used extensively by scul
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making material. Traditional releas
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The compo can be rolled out into a
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Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
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ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
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(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
Page 534 and 535:
Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
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11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
Page 538 and 539:
When a scalpel is used to pick away
Page 540 and 541:
adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
Page 542 and 543:
USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
Page 544 and 545:
alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
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suppliers. Careful selection of sol
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agency within the Department of Lab
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There are four stages in the dissol
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 11.10 The positions of some
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Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
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ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
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as odourless mineral spirits or whi
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effective in breaking down coatings
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11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
Page 566 and 567:
keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
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Detergents Commercially viable synt
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(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
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constant (k) (at standard temperatu
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Conditional stability constant (log
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solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
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on the application. It has been sug
Page 592 and 593:
As with gels formulated from cellul
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Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
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Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
Page 598 and 599:
12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
Page 600 and 601:
Natural materials Wax has been used
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tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
Page 604 and 605:
that influences the choice of gelat
Page 606 and 607:
malachite and azurite. Decorative s
Page 608 and 609:
of flakes and cups but care should
Page 610 and 611:
damage when levelling the fill and
Page 612 and 613:
erty of the adhesive polymer rather
Page 614 and 615:
dimensional forms such as curved co
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
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chemical stability, flexibility and
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colours are ideal for under-saturat
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and those that must withstand use.
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efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
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use whenever possible and many cons
Page 628 and 629:
tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
Page 630 and 631:
although slower evaporating solvent
Page 632 and 633:
ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
Page 634 and 635:
Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
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(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
Page 638 and 639:
appearance of paintings, Studies in
Page 640 and 641:
American Chemical Society, Washingt
Page 642 and 643:
often rely on self-levelling spray
Page 644 and 645:
ecoming progressively harder and da
Page 646 and 647:
Identifying a historical progressio
Page 648 and 649:
normally seen, so that it can be mo
Page 650 and 651:
Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
Page 652 and 653:
of an overall finishing strategy. I
Page 654 and 655:
e used cautiously and with suitable
Page 656 and 657:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
Page 660 and 661:
Thus conservation grade materials m
Page 662 and 663:
ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
Page 666 and 667:
(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
Page 668 and 669:
French polishing French polishing d
Page 670 and 671:
during a polishing session. If the
Page 672 and 673:
applying fresh polish before pullin
Page 674 and 675:
the addition of a separate thixotro
Page 676 and 677:
Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
Page 686 and 687:
however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
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Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
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If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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