Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

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Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en France, Presses Universitaires de France Wills, G. (1971) English Furniture, 1550–1760, Doubleday Wills, G. (1971) English Furniture, 1760–1900, Doubleday Wolsey, S.W. and Luff, R.W. (1968) Furniture in England: the Age of the Joiner, Barker The nineteenth century Agius, P. (1978) British Furniture, 1880–1915, Antique Collectors Club Aslin, E. (1962) Nineteenth Century English Furniture, The Collectors Book Club Briggs, A. (1988) Victorian Things, Batsford Cathers, D. (1996) Furniture of the American Arts and Crafts Movement, Turn of the Century Editions Collard, F. (1985) Regency Furniture, Antique Collectors Club Cooper, J. (1987) Victorian and Edwardian Furniture and Interiors, Thames and Hudson Darling, S. (1984) Chicago Furniture. Art and Industry, 1833–1933, Chicago Historical Society in association with Norton Edwards, C.D. (1993) Victorian Furniture, Manchester University Press Gloag, J. (1973) Victorian Comfort: A Social History of Design from 1830–1900, David and Charles Grier, K.C. (1988) Culture and Comfort, People Parlours and Upholstery, 1850–1930, University of Massachusetts Press Himmelheber, G. (1974) Biedermeier Furniture, Faber Joy, E. (1974) English Furniture, 1800–1851, Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications/Ward Lock Ltd Loudon, J.C. (2000) An Encyclopaedia of Cottage Farm and Villa Architecture and Furniture, Facsimile of the 1846 edition, Donhead Madigan, M. (1982) Nineteenth Century Furniture Innovation, Revival and Reform, Billboard Publications Mayes, L.J. (1960) The History of Chair Making in High Wycombe, Routledge and Kegan Paul Metropolitan Museum of Art (1970) 19th Century America: Furniture and Other Decorative Arts, New York, Graphic Society Montgomery, C. (1967) American Furniture, The Federal Period, Thames and Hudson Naylor, G. (1990) The Arts and Crafts Movement, Trefoil, London Payne, C. (1988) 19th Century European Furniture [NB: excl. British], Antique Collectors Club Symonds, R.W. and Whineray, B. (1987) Victorian Furniture, Studio Editions The twentieth century The Cantilever Chair, Exhibition Catalogue, Stuhl Museum Burg Beverungen, Alexander Verlag, Berlin, 1986 Dormer, P. (1987) The New Furniture, Thames and Hudson Edwards, C.D. (1994) Twentieth Century Furniture, Manchester University Press Fiell, P. and Fiell, C. (1991) Modern Furniture Classics since 1945, Thames and Hudson Greenberg, C. (1995) Mid-century Modern; Furniture of the 1950s, Thames and Hudson Hiesinger, K. (ed.) (1983) Design since 1945, Thames and Hudson in association with the Philadelphia Museum of Art Furniture history 43 Logie, G. (1947) Furniture from Machines, G. Allen and Unwin McFadden, D. (1982) Scandinavian Modern Design, 1880–1980, Abrahms Sembach, K. (1982) Contemporary Furniture: an International Review of Modern Furniture 1950 to the present, Design Council, London Sparke, P. (1988) Italian Design, 1870 to the Present, Thames and Hudson Wilk, C. (1980) Thonet: 150 years of Furniture, Barron’s Texts relating to design and construction NB: Many of the other texts have sections on the subject of design and construction. Alexander, J. (1978) Make a Chair from a Tree: An Introduction to Working Green Wood, Greenwoodworking Bairstow, J. (1984) Practical and Decorative Woodworking Joints, Batsford Blackie and Son (1970) Victorian Cabinet Makers Assistant 1853, Facsimile edition, Dover Bonnett, D. (1956) Contemporary Cabinet Design and Construction, Batsford Evans, N.G. (1996) American Windsor Chairs, Hudson Hills Press Hayward, Charles (1979) Antique or Fake? Evans Brothers Rider, L.Z. (1960) The Ornamented Chair, Rutland Stephenson, S. (1979) Rustic Furniture, Van Nostrand Symonds, R.W. (1955) Furniture Making in 17th and 18th Century England, The Connoisseur Wells, P. and Hooper, C. (1924) Modern Cabinet Work, Furniture and Fitments, 4th edn, Batsford Texts relating to materials NB: Many of the other texts have sections on the subject of materials. Adamson, J. (1993) American Wicker: Woven Furniture from 1850 to 1930, Rizzoli Boulton, B. (1921) The Manufacture and Use of Plywood and Glue, Pitman Bourne, J. (1984) Lacquer: An International History and Collectors Guide, Bracken Books in association with Phoebe Phillips Editions Buttrey, D.N. (1964) Plastics in the Furniture Industry, MacDonald and Co. Campbell-Cole, B. (ed.) (1979) Tubular Steel Furniture, Art Book Co. Child, G. (1990) World Mirrors, 1650–1900, Sothebys Curtis, L. (1997) Lloyd Loom Woven Fibre Furniture, Salamander DeVoe, S. (1971) English Papier Mâché of the Georgian and Victorian Periods, Barrie and Jenkins Evelyn, J. (1670) Sylva, A Discourse of Forest Trees, London Fennimore, D. (1996) Metalwork in Early America: Copper and its Alloys from the Winterthur Collecton, Winterthur, The Henry Francis duPont Museum Gilbert, C. and Murdoch, T. (1993) John Channon and Brass-inlaid Furniture, 1730–1760, Yale University Press Giusti, A.M. (1992) Pietre Dure Hardstone in Furniture and Decoration, Philip Wilson
44 Conservation of Furniture Gonzalez-Palacios, A. (1981) Mosaici e Pietre Dure, Milan Hanks, D. (1981) Innovative Furniture in America from 1800 to the Present, Horizon Press Himmelheber, G. (1996) Cast Iron Furniture, Philip Wilson Hinckley, F.L. (1960) Directory of the Historic Cabinet Woods, Crown Huth, H. (1971) Lacquer of the West: The History of a Craft and an Industry, 1550–1950, University of Chicago Press Jervis, S. (1972) Antler and Horn Furniture, V&A Museum Yearbook 111, Victoria and Albert Museum Knight, E.V. and Wulpi, M. (eds) (1927) Veneers and Plywood, The Ronald Press Co. Latham, B. (1957) Timber: Its Development and Distribution: a Historical Survey, Harrap Thompson, F. (1979) The Complete Wicker Book, the History of Wicker Furniture and Accessories from Antique to Modern, Wallace Homestead Books Viaux-Loquin, J. (1997) Les Bois d'ébénisterie dans les mobilier français, Leonce Laget Walkling, G. (1979) Antique Bamboo Furniture, Bell and Hyman Waterer, J.W. (1968) Leather Craftsmanship, Praeger Wills, G. (1965) English Looking Glasses, Country Life Wood, A.D. and Linn, T.G. (1963) Plywoods of the World, Their Development and Manufacture, Edinburgh Specific texts relating to tools and techniques NB: Many of the other texts have sections on the subject of tools and techniques. Adair, W. (1983) The Frame in America, 1700–1900: a Survey of Fabrication Techniques and Style, The American Institute of Architects Foundation, Washington, DC Austen, B. (1992) Tunbridge Ware and Related European Decorative Woodware, Foulsham Beecroft, E. (1976) Carving Techniques, Batsford Bigelow, D. et al. (eds) (1992) Gilded Wood, Conservation and History, Sound View Press Bruggemann, E. (1988) Kunst und Technik des Intarsien, Werkzeug und Material, Munich Ettema, M. (1981) Technological innovation and design economics in furniture manufacture, in Winterthur Portfolio, 16 Fales, D. (1979) American Painted Furniture, 1660–1880, E.P. Dutton Gaynor, J. and Hagedorn, N. (1993) Tools: Working Wood in Eighteenth Century America, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Goodman, W. (1976) The History of Woodworking Tools, David McKay Holtzappfel, C. (1994) Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, Facsimile of the 1843 edition, Astragal Press Jones, P. and Simons, E.N. (1961) Story of the Saw, Newman Neame for Spear and Jackson Massie, F. (1990) La Marqueterie Boulle, Biro Moxon, J. (1970) Mechaniks Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy Works etc., reprint of 1703 edition, Astragal Press Ostergard, D. (ed.) (1987) Bentwood and Metal Furniture: 1850–1946, American Federation of Arts Oughton, F. (1976) History and Practice of Woodcarving, Stobart Pattou and Vaughn (1944) Furniture Finishing, Decoration and Patching, F. Drake and Co. Ramond, P. (1989) Marquetry, Taunton Press Roubo, Jacques-Andre (1984) L’Art du Menuisier, Slatkine reprints of Paris 1761–89 editions Salaman, R. (1989) A Dictionary of Woodworking Tools, Unwin Hyman Sims, W. (1985) 200 Years of History and Evolution of Woodworking Machinery, Walders Press Stalker, J. and Parker, G. (1960) A Treatise of Japanning and Varnishing, Alec Tiranti reprint of 1668 edition Welsh, P.C. (1966) Woodworking Tools: 1600–1900, Smithsonian Institution/US Government Printing Office Zimmerman, P. (1981) Workmanship as evidence, a model for object study, in Winterthur Portfolio, 16, 4, Winter, pp. 301–5 Specific texts relating to upholstery Beard, G. (1997) Upholsterers and Interior Furnishing in England, 1530–1840, Yale University Press Bimont, Jean François (1766) Manuel des Tapissiers, Paris Bimont, Jean François (1770) Principes de l’art du Tapissier; ouvrage utile aux gens de la profession, et à ceux qui les emploient, Paris Bitmead, R. (1876) Practical Upholsterer and Cutter-Out, London Bland, S. (1995) Take a Seat. The Story of Parker-Knoll, 1834–1994, Baron Birch Cooke, E.S. (1988) Upholstery in America and Europe from the Seventeenth Century to World War 1, W.W. Norton Houston, J.F. (1993) Featherbedds and Flock bedds, Notes on the history of the Worshipful company of Upholders, Three Tents Press also www.upholders.co.uk/ffbindex.htm Michie, A.H. (1985) Upholstery in all its branches: Charleston, 1725–1820, Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, XI:2 Montgomery, F. (1970) Printed Textiles. English and American Printed Cottons and Linens, 1700–1850, Thames and Hudson Montgomery, F. (1984) Textiles in America, 1650–1870, W.W. Norton Ossut, C. (1994) Le Siège et sa garniture, Vial Passeri, A., Trent, R. and Jobe, B. (1987) The Wheelwright and Maerklin inventories and the history of the upholsterer’s trade in America, 1750–1900, Old Time New England 72, 312–54 Walton, K.M. (1973) The Golden Age of English Furniture Upholstery, 1660–1840, Temple Newsam House Williams, M. (ed.) (1990) Upholstery Conservation, American Conservation Consortium Symposium Preprints
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Conservation of Furniture
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Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
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Contents Series editors’ preface
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3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
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The actual move 275 Protection of o
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Recording and reporting treatment 4
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11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
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15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
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16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
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Series editors’ preface The conse
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Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
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Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
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Acknowledgements It would take a ve
Page 28 and 29: Illustration acknowledgements The a
Page 30 and 31: Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
Page 32 and 33: Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
Page 34 and 35: Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
Page 36 and 37: Part 1 History
Page 38 and 39: 1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
Page 40 and 41: Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
Page 44 and 45: conjunction of polychromy and carvi
Page 46 and 47: Materials used The choice of materi
Page 48 and 49: period reflects the dour and simple
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
Page 52 and 53: to use the continental dovetailing
Page 54 and 55: Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
Page 56 and 57: furniture by contrast was generally
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
Page 60 and 61: One process of construction that co
Page 62 and 63: eforms in education (1870 Elementar
Page 64 and 65: chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
Page 66 and 67: Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
Page 68 and 69: Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
Page 70 and 71: major feature, and confirmed the se
Page 72 and 73: Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
Page 76 and 77: The range of finishes has increased
Page 80 and 81: Specific texts relating to trade or
Page 82 and 83: Part 2 Materials
Page 84 and 85: 2 Wood and wooden structures It is
Page 86 and 87: many properties, such as increasing
Page 88 and 89: ant consideration in the selection
Page 90 and 91: 2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
Page 92 and 93: may be gradual in some woods, abrup
Page 94 and 95: PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
Page 96 and 97: the United States. In the UK, the T
Page 98 and 99: Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
Page 100 and 101: Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
Page 102 and 103: Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
Page 104 and 105: A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
Page 106 and 107: Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
Page 108 and 109: In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
Page 110 and 111: Figure 2.12 A representative portio
Page 112 and 113: depending upon species, whether sap
Page 114 and 115: 0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
Page 116 and 117: Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
Page 118 and 119: mechanical effects of repeated shri
Page 120 and 121: wood member, for example, a block o
Page 122 and 123: The strength of wood in compression
Page 124 and 125: er of defects and repairs, and the
Page 126 and 127: unwanted movement in the joint is r
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2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
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Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
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3 Upholstery materials and structur
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Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
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Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
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it over a blunt metal blade or by p
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and dried to remove unwanted flesh
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Rattan or cane The cane that is use
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wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
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The surfaces of both woven and non-
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(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
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was not until the early nineteenth
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(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
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The ability of elastomers to be mou
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include polysaccharide gums such as
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Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
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Plastics and polymers, coatings and
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Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
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Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
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Page 174 and 175:
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Page 178 and 179:
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Page 182 and 183:
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Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
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CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
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(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
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Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
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Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
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Page 224 and 225:
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Page 228 and 229:
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Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
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(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
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Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
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In walrus ivory an outer primary de
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(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
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Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
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tive applications. Metal tools have
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e preferred by hand smiths until it
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Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
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observed features can be carried ou
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Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
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Early in the fourteenth century sma
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diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
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a substance exists as a hybrid of t
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Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
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Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
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parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
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Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
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Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
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Part 3 Deterioration
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6 General review of environment and
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which water, oxygen and other react
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standard free energies of starting
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protect the material. When these be
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Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
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through which daylight is highly di
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climate. An important aspect of the
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(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
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panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
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allowed to expand in one part of th
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paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
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ences listed at the end of the foll
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about by localized conditions such
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about the same size as the width of
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ing for some time before they are n
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may cause irreparable damage. Appli
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ensure that the chance of further i
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plied by the density of the materia
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6.2.8 Environmental management for
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est changed at the same intervals.
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in locations familiar to all to sav
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Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
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7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
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(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
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figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
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time of exposure, moisture content
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RH changes lead to changes in moist
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
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(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
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one has proof of active infestation
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including starch depletion of timbe
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ise, when making wooden structures,
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(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
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Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
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Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
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woodworm damage is accompanied by s
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century. In between these examples
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8 Deterioration of other materials
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(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
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Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
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Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
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occur either as a result of the des
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colour of a decorative paint surfac
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traditional furniture materials. Po
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preferentially absorb energy at wav
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may not be directly proportional to
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Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
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Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
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(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
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which property changes become appar
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ond with the support. Uneven drying
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the structure of the lacquer film a
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8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
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~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
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within the leather leads to a react
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crease at corners of upholstery, or
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eaves of buildings are a source fro
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inter-chain interactions are the ma
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
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trims to the frame may render fibre
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Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
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Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
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Part 4 Conservation
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9 Conservation preliminaries This c
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techniques and rigorous grounding i
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• The retention of as much origin
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
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and preservation. He proposed a mod
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cally be undertaken. Before embarki
Page 414 and 415:
cal, solutions include enclosing th
Page 416 and 417:
various materials that make up the
Page 418 and 419:
the nature, extent, severity and lo
Page 420 and 421:
treatment needs. Reliable identific
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Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
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information should always be carefu
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ange immediately upon excitation. T
Page 428 and 429:
when dyes are being used to achieve
Page 430 and 431:
cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
Page 432 and 433:
structure of elements that have bee
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(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
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design. This can be specially commi
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candle 1900 K Household electric li
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fessional quality shots in conserva
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• Availability of adaptors for cl
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Recording and reporting treatment O
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should also be provided in or close
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it is possible to share some facili
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Solvent storage Solvents should be
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(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
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Wherever possible, manual handling
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some specific details of that proce
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outes of entry to the body; risk ph
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(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
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isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
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general maintenance of the workshop
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and other emergencies such as gas l
Page 468 and 469:
Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
Page 470 and 471:
Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
Page 472 and 473:
example, extensive treatment on one
Page 474 and 475:
of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
Page 476 and 477:
(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
Page 478 and 479:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
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Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
Page 482 and 483:
(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
Page 484 and 485:
Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
Page 486 and 487:
Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
Page 488 and 489:
Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
Page 490 and 491:
measure the diagonals across the se
Page 492 and 493:
(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
Page 494 and 495:
10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
Page 496 and 497:
microballoons. They may be levelled
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
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as a gap filler in cases where a fa
Page 502 and 503:
should be critically evaluated befo
Page 504 and 505:
(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
Page 506 and 507:
to the substrate or by using paper
Page 508 and 509:
e progressively tightened over the
Page 510 and 511:
Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
Page 514 and 515:
ducing the curves on boulle and mar
Page 516 and 517:
similar fabric is stretched across
Page 518 and 519:
ures involved in preparing a copy o
Page 520 and 521:
and capture a high degree of detail
Page 522 and 523:
materials, used extensively by scul
Page 524 and 525:
making material. Traditional releas
Page 526 and 527:
The compo can be rolled out into a
Page 528 and 529:
Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
Page 530 and 531:
ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
Page 532 and 533:
(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
Page 534 and 535:
Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
Page 536 and 537:
11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
Page 538 and 539:
When a scalpel is used to pick away
Page 540 and 541:
adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
Page 542 and 543:
USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
Page 544 and 545:
alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
Page 548 and 549:
suppliers. Careful selection of sol
Page 550 and 551:
agency within the Department of Lab
Page 552 and 553:
There are four stages in the dissol
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 11.10 The positions of some
Page 556 and 557:
Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
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ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
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as odourless mineral spirits or whi
Page 562 and 563:
effective in breaking down coatings
Page 564 and 565:
11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
Page 566 and 567:
keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
Page 572 and 573:
(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
Page 578 and 579:
constant (k) (at standard temperatu
Page 580 and 581:
Conditional stability constant (log
Page 582 and 583:
solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
Page 590 and 591:
on the application. It has been sug
Page 592 and 593:
As with gels formulated from cellul
Page 594 and 595:
Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
Page 596 and 597:
Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
Page 598 and 599:
12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
Page 600 and 601:
Natural materials Wax has been used
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tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
Page 604 and 605:
that influences the choice of gelat
Page 606 and 607:
malachite and azurite. Decorative s
Page 608 and 609:
of flakes and cups but care should
Page 610 and 611:
damage when levelling the fill and
Page 612 and 613:
erty of the adhesive polymer rather
Page 614 and 615:
dimensional forms such as curved co
Page 616 and 617:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
Page 618 and 619:
chemical stability, flexibility and
Page 620 and 621:
colours are ideal for under-saturat
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and those that must withstand use.
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efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
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use whenever possible and many cons
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tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
Page 630 and 631:
although slower evaporating solvent
Page 632 and 633:
ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
Page 634 and 635:
Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
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(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
Page 638 and 639:
appearance of paintings, Studies in
Page 640 and 641:
American Chemical Society, Washingt
Page 642 and 643:
often rely on self-levelling spray
Page 644 and 645:
ecoming progressively harder and da
Page 646 and 647:
Identifying a historical progressio
Page 648 and 649:
normally seen, so that it can be mo
Page 650 and 651:
Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
Page 652 and 653:
of an overall finishing strategy. I
Page 654 and 655:
e used cautiously and with suitable
Page 656 and 657:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
Page 660 and 661:
Thus conservation grade materials m
Page 662 and 663:
ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
Page 666 and 667:
(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
Page 668 and 669:
French polishing French polishing d
Page 670 and 671:
during a polishing session. If the
Page 672 and 673:
applying fresh polish before pullin
Page 674 and 675:
the addition of a separate thixotro
Page 676 and 677:
Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
Page 686 and 687:
however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
Page 704 and 705:
Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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