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Series editors' preface - Wood Tools
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Series editors' preface - Wood Tools
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Conservation of Furniture
Conservation of Furniture
Butterworth-Heinemann <strong>Series</strong> in Conservation and Museology <strong>Series</strong> Editors: Arts and Archaeology Andrew Oddy British Museum, London Architecture Derek Linstrum Formerly Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York US Executive Editor: Norbert S. Baer New York University, Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts Consultants: Sir Bernard Feilden David Bomford National Gallery, London C.V. Horie Manchester Museum, University of Manchester Sarah Staniforth National Trust, London John Warren Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York Published titles: Artists’ Pigments c.1600–1835, 2nd Edition (Harley) Care and Conservation of Geological Material (Howie) Care and Conservation of Palaeontological Material (Collins) Chemical Principles of Textile Conservation (Tímár-Balázsy, Eastop) Conservation and Exhibitions (Stolow) Conservation and Restoration of Ceramics (Buys, Oakley) Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities (Kühn) Conservation of Brick (Warren) Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone (Ashurst, Dimes) Conservation of Earth Structures (Warren) Conservation of Glass (Newton, Davison) Conservation of Historic Buildings (Feilden) Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: An Ecological Approach to Preservation (Larsen, Marstein) Conservation of Library and Archive Materials and the Graphic Arts (Petherbridge) Conservation of Manuscripts and Painting of South-east Asia (Agrawal) Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects (Pearson) Conservation of Wall Paintings (Mora, Mora, Philippot) Historic Floors: Their History and Conservation (Fawcett) A History of Architectural Conservation (Jokilehto) Lacquer: Technology and Conservation (Webb) The Museum Environment, 2nd Edition (Thomson) The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, 2nd Edition (Mills, White) Radiography of Cultural Material (Lang, Middleton) The Textile Conservator’s Manual, 2nd Edition (Landi) Upholstery Conservation: Principles and Practice (Gill, Eastop) Related titles: Concerning Buildings (Marks) Laser Cleaning in Conservation (Cooper) Lighting Historic Buildings (Phillips) Manual of Curatorship, 2nd Edition (Thompson) Manual of Heritage Management (Harrison) Materials for Conservation (Horie) Metal Plating and Patination (Niece, Craddock) Museum Documentation Systems (Light) Risk Assessment for Object Conservation (Ashley-Smith) Touring Exhibitions (Sixsmith)
- Page 4 and 5: Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
- Page 6 and 7: Contents Series editors’ preface
- Page 8 and 9: 3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
- Page 10 and 11: The actual move 275 Protection of o
- Page 12 and 13: Recording and reporting treatment 4
- Page 14 and 15: 11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
- Page 16 and 17: 15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
- Page 18 and 19: 16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
- Page 20 and 21: Series editors’ preface The conse
- Page 22 and 23: Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
- Page 24 and 25: Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
- Page 26 and 27: Acknowledgements It would take a ve
- Page 28 and 29: Illustration acknowledgements The a
- Page 30 and 31: Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
- Page 32 and 33: Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
- Page 34 and 35: Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
- Page 36 and 37: Part 1 History
- Page 38 and 39: 1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
- Page 40 and 41: Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
- Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
- Page 44 and 45: conjunction of polychromy and carvi
- Page 46 and 47: Materials used The choice of materi
- Page 48 and 49: period reflects the dour and simple
- Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
- Page 52 and 53:
to use the continental dovetailing
- Page 54 and 55:
Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
- Page 56 and 57:
furniture by contrast was generally
- Page 58 and 59:
Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
- Page 60 and 61:
One process of construction that co
- Page 62 and 63:
eforms in education (1870 Elementar
- Page 64 and 65:
chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
- Page 66 and 67:
Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
- Page 68 and 69:
Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
- Page 70 and 71:
major feature, and confirmed the se
- Page 72 and 73:
Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
- Page 74 and 75:
Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
- Page 76 and 77:
The range of finishes has increased
- Page 78 and 79:
Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
- Page 80 and 81:
Specific texts relating to trade or
- Page 82 and 83:
Part 2 Materials
- Page 84 and 85:
2 Wood and wooden structures It is
- Page 86 and 87:
many properties, such as increasing
- Page 88 and 89:
ant consideration in the selection
- Page 90 and 91:
2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
- Page 92 and 93:
may be gradual in some woods, abrup
- Page 94 and 95:
PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
- Page 96 and 97:
the United States. In the UK, the T
- Page 98 and 99:
Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
- Page 100 and 101:
Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
- Page 102 and 103:
Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
- Page 104 and 105:
A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
- Page 106 and 107:
Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
- Page 108 and 109:
In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
- Page 110 and 111:
Figure 2.12 A representative portio
- Page 112 and 113:
depending upon species, whether sap
- Page 114 and 115:
0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
- Page 116 and 117:
Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
- Page 118 and 119:
mechanical effects of repeated shri
- Page 120 and 121:
wood member, for example, a block o
- Page 122 and 123:
The strength of wood in compression
- Page 124 and 125:
er of defects and repairs, and the
- Page 126 and 127:
unwanted movement in the joint is r
- Page 128 and 129:
2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
- Page 130 and 131:
Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
- Page 132 and 133:
3 Upholstery materials and structur
- Page 134 and 135:
Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
- Page 136 and 137:
Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
- Page 138 and 139:
it over a blunt metal blade or by p
- Page 140 and 141:
and dried to remove unwanted flesh
- Page 142 and 143:
Rattan or cane The cane that is use
- Page 144 and 145:
wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
- Page 146 and 147:
The surfaces of both woven and non-
- Page 148 and 149:
(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
- Page 150 and 151:
was not until the early nineteenth
- Page 152 and 153:
(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
- Page 154 and 155:
The ability of elastomers to be mou
- Page 156 and 157:
include polysaccharide gums such as
- Page 158 and 159:
Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
- Page 160 and 161:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 162 and 163:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 164 and 165:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 166 and 167:
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
- Page 168 and 169:
Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
- Page 170 and 171:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 172 and 173:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 174 and 175:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 176 and 177:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 178 and 179:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 180 and 181:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 182 and 183:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 184 and 185:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 186 and 187:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 188 and 189:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 190 and 191:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 192 and 193:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 194 and 195:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 196 and 197:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 198 and 199:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 200 and 201:
CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
- Page 202 and 203:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 204 and 205:
(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
- Page 206 and 207:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 208 and 209:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 210 and 211:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 212 and 213:
Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
- Page 214 and 215:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 216 and 217:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 218 and 219:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 220 and 221:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 222 and 223:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 224 and 225:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 226 and 227:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 228 and 229:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
- Page 230 and 231:
Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
- Page 232 and 233:
(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
- Page 234 and 235:
Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
- Page 236 and 237:
In walrus ivory an outer primary de
- Page 238 and 239:
(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
- Page 240 and 241:
Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
- Page 242 and 243:
tive applications. Metal tools have
- Page 244 and 245:
e preferred by hand smiths until it
- Page 246 and 247:
Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
- Page 248 and 249:
observed features can be carried ou
- Page 250 and 251:
Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
- Page 252 and 253:
Early in the fourteenth century sma
- Page 254 and 255:
diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
- Page 256 and 257:
a substance exists as a hybrid of t
- Page 258 and 259:
Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
- Page 260 and 261:
Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
- Page 262 and 263:
Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
- Page 264 and 265:
Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
- Page 266 and 267:
Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
- Page 268 and 269:
parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
- Page 270 and 271:
Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
- Page 272 and 273:
Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
- Page 274 and 275:
Part 3 Deterioration
- Page 276 and 277:
6 General review of environment and
- Page 278 and 279:
which water, oxygen and other react
- Page 280 and 281:
standard free energies of starting
- Page 282 and 283:
protect the material. When these be
- Page 284 and 285:
Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
- Page 286 and 287:
through which daylight is highly di
- Page 288 and 289:
climate. An important aspect of the
- Page 290 and 291:
(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
- Page 292 and 293:
panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
- Page 294 and 295:
allowed to expand in one part of th
- Page 296 and 297:
paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
- Page 298 and 299:
ences listed at the end of the foll
- Page 300 and 301:
about by localized conditions such
- Page 302 and 303:
about the same size as the width of
- Page 304 and 305:
ing for some time before they are n
- Page 306 and 307:
may cause irreparable damage. Appli
- Page 308 and 309:
ensure that the chance of further i
- Page 310 and 311:
plied by the density of the materia
- Page 312 and 313:
6.2.8 Environmental management for
- Page 314 and 315:
est changed at the same intervals.
- Page 316 and 317:
in locations familiar to all to sav
- Page 318 and 319:
Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
- Page 320 and 321:
7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
- Page 322 and 323:
(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
- Page 324 and 325:
figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
- Page 326 and 327:
time of exposure, moisture content
- Page 328 and 329:
RH changes lead to changes in moist
- Page 330 and 331:
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
- Page 332 and 333:
(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
- Page 334 and 335:
one has proof of active infestation
- Page 336 and 337:
including starch depletion of timbe
- Page 338 and 339:
ise, when making wooden structures,
- Page 340 and 341:
(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
- Page 342 and 343:
Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
- Page 344 and 345:
Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
- Page 346 and 347:
woodworm damage is accompanied by s
- Page 348 and 349:
century. In between these examples
- Page 350 and 351:
8 Deterioration of other materials
- Page 352 and 353:
(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
- Page 354 and 355:
Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
- Page 356 and 357:
Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
- Page 358 and 359:
occur either as a result of the des
- Page 360 and 361:
colour of a decorative paint surfac
- Page 362 and 363:
traditional furniture materials. Po
- Page 364 and 365:
preferentially absorb energy at wav
- Page 366 and 367:
may not be directly proportional to
- Page 368 and 369:
Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
- Page 370 and 371:
Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
- Page 372 and 373:
(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
- Page 374 and 375:
which property changes become appar
- Page 376 and 377:
ond with the support. Uneven drying
- Page 378 and 379:
the structure of the lacquer film a
- Page 380 and 381:
8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
- Page 382 and 383:
~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
- Page 384 and 385:
within the leather leads to a react
- Page 386 and 387:
crease at corners of upholstery, or
- Page 388 and 389:
eaves of buildings are a source fro
- Page 390 and 391:
inter-chain interactions are the ma
- Page 392 and 393:
(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
- Page 394 and 395:
trims to the frame may render fibre
- Page 396 and 397:
Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
- Page 398 and 399:
Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
- Page 400 and 401:
Part 4 Conservation
- Page 402 and 403:
9 Conservation preliminaries This c
- Page 404 and 405:
techniques and rigorous grounding i
- Page 406 and 407:
• The retention of as much origin
- Page 408 and 409:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
- Page 410 and 411:
and preservation. He proposed a mod
- Page 412 and 413:
cally be undertaken. Before embarki
- Page 414 and 415:
cal, solutions include enclosing th
- Page 416 and 417:
various materials that make up the
- Page 418 and 419:
the nature, extent, severity and lo
- Page 420 and 421:
treatment needs. Reliable identific
- Page 422 and 423:
Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
- Page 424 and 425:
information should always be carefu
- Page 426 and 427:
ange immediately upon excitation. T
- Page 428 and 429:
when dyes are being used to achieve
- Page 430 and 431:
cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
- Page 432 and 433:
structure of elements that have bee
- Page 434 and 435:
(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
- Page 436 and 437:
design. This can be specially commi
- Page 438 and 439:
candle 1900 K Household electric li
- Page 440 and 441:
fessional quality shots in conserva
- Page 442 and 443:
• Availability of adaptors for cl
- Page 444 and 445:
Recording and reporting treatment O
- Page 446 and 447:
should also be provided in or close
- Page 448 and 449:
it is possible to share some facili
- Page 450 and 451:
Solvent storage Solvents should be
- Page 452 and 453:
(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
- Page 454 and 455:
Wherever possible, manual handling
- Page 456 and 457:
some specific details of that proce
- Page 458 and 459:
outes of entry to the body; risk ph
- Page 460 and 461:
(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
- Page 462 and 463:
isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
- Page 464 and 465:
general maintenance of the workshop
- Page 466 and 467:
and other emergencies such as gas l
- Page 468 and 469:
Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
- Page 470 and 471:
Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
- Page 472 and 473:
example, extensive treatment on one
- Page 474 and 475:
of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
- Page 476 and 477:
(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
- Page 478 and 479:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
- Page 480 and 481:
Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
- Page 482 and 483:
(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
- Page 484 and 485:
Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
- Page 486 and 487:
Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
- Page 488 and 489:
Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
- Page 490 and 491:
measure the diagonals across the se
- Page 492 and 493:
(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
- Page 494 and 495:
10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
- Page 496 and 497:
microballoons. They may be levelled
- Page 498 and 499:
Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
- Page 500 and 501:
as a gap filler in cases where a fa
- Page 502 and 503:
should be critically evaluated befo
- Page 504 and 505:
(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
- Page 506 and 507:
to the substrate or by using paper
- Page 508 and 509:
e progressively tightened over the
- Page 510 and 511:
Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
- Page 512 and 513:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
- Page 514 and 515:
ducing the curves on boulle and mar
- Page 516 and 517:
similar fabric is stretched across
- Page 518 and 519:
ures involved in preparing a copy o
- Page 520 and 521:
and capture a high degree of detail
- Page 522 and 523:
materials, used extensively by scul
- Page 524 and 525:
making material. Traditional releas
- Page 526 and 527:
The compo can be rolled out into a
- Page 528 and 529:
Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
- Page 530 and 531:
ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
- Page 532 and 533:
(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
- Page 534 and 535:
Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
- Page 536 and 537:
11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
- Page 538 and 539:
When a scalpel is used to pick away
- Page 540 and 541:
adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
- Page 542 and 543:
USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
- Page 544 and 545:
alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
- Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
- Page 548 and 549:
suppliers. Careful selection of sol
- Page 550 and 551:
agency within the Department of Lab
- Page 552 and 553:
There are four stages in the dissol
- Page 554 and 555:
Figure 11.10 The positions of some
- Page 556 and 557:
Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
- Page 558 and 559:
ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
- Page 560 and 561:
as odourless mineral spirits or whi
- Page 562 and 563:
effective in breaking down coatings
- Page 564 and 565:
11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
- Page 566 and 567:
keep the contact time of both clean
- Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
- Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
- Page 572 and 573:
(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
- Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
- Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
- Page 578 and 579:
constant (k) (at standard temperatu
- Page 580 and 581:
Conditional stability constant (log
- Page 582 and 583:
solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
- Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
- Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
- Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
- Page 590 and 591:
on the application. It has been sug
- Page 592 and 593:
As with gels formulated from cellul
- Page 594 and 595:
Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
- Page 596 and 597:
Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
- Page 598 and 599:
12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
- Page 600 and 601:
Natural materials Wax has been used
- Page 602 and 603:
tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
- Page 604 and 605:
that influences the choice of gelat
- Page 606 and 607:
malachite and azurite. Decorative s
- Page 608 and 609:
of flakes and cups but care should
- Page 610 and 611:
damage when levelling the fill and
- Page 612 and 613:
erty of the adhesive polymer rather
- Page 614 and 615:
dimensional forms such as curved co
- Page 616 and 617:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
- Page 618 and 619:
chemical stability, flexibility and
- Page 620 and 621:
colours are ideal for under-saturat
- Page 622 and 623:
and those that must withstand use.
- Page 624 and 625:
efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
- Page 626 and 627:
use whenever possible and many cons
- Page 628 and 629:
tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
- Page 630 and 631:
although slower evaporating solvent
- Page 632 and 633:
ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
- Page 634 and 635:
Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
- Page 636 and 637:
(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
- Page 638 and 639:
appearance of paintings, Studies in
- Page 640 and 641:
American Chemical Society, Washingt
- Page 642 and 643:
often rely on self-levelling spray
- Page 644 and 645:
ecoming progressively harder and da
- Page 646 and 647:
Identifying a historical progressio
- Page 648 and 649:
normally seen, so that it can be mo
- Page 650 and 651:
Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
- Page 652 and 653:
of an overall finishing strategy. I
- Page 654 and 655:
e used cautiously and with suitable
- Page 656 and 657:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
- Page 658 and 659:
Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
- Page 660 and 661:
Thus conservation grade materials m
- Page 662 and 663:
ing the colour. This may be useful
- Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
- Page 666 and 667:
(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
- Page 668 and 669:
French polishing French polishing d
- Page 670 and 671:
during a polishing session. If the
- Page 672 and 673:
applying fresh polish before pullin
- Page 674 and 675:
the addition of a separate thixotro
- Page 676 and 677:
Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
- Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
- Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
- Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
- Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
- Page 686 and 687:
however, makes it more difficult to
- Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
- Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
- Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
- Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
- Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
- Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
- Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
- Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
- Page 704 and 705:
Consolidation Powdering or flaking
- Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
- Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
- Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
- Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
- Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
- Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
- Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
- Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
- Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
- Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
- Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
- Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
- Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
- Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
- Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
- Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
- Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
- Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
- Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
- Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
- Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
- Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
- Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
- Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
- Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
- Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
- Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
- Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
- Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
- Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
- Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
- Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
- Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
- Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
- Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
- Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
- Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
- Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
- Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
- Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
- Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
- Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
- Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
- Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
- Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
- Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
- Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
- Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
- Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
- Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
- Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
- Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
- Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
- Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
- Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
- Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
- Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
- Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
- Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
- Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
- Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
- Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
- Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
- Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
- Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
- Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
- Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
- Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
- Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
- Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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