Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

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trims to the frame may render fibres weak and brittle or discolour on aging. Gimp pins, tacks and nails damage trim physically when driven through the trim and chemically when they corrode. Brass nails are susceptible to corrosion in the presence of various acidic gases and vapours. This may weaken the nail, particularly where the shank meets the head. The nail shanks may become bent and twisted when they are hammered into a wooden frame. Both types of damage are problematic only when removal and reapplication to the frame is required. Nails may be finished with lacquers or gilding. This may be abraded in use or easily damaged in removal and replacement during treatments. For further information see Berkhouwer (1990) and Westerman Bulgarella (1987). Understructures Upholstery understructure materials are susceptible to biopredation and the same physical, mechanical and chemical degradation as outlined in the sections on textiles, elastomerics and hardware. Light is less of an issue with the inner-most concealed layers, however, photochemical degradation has been observed on exposed webbing, base cloth and bottom linings as a result light reflecting up from a polished floor onto the underside of seat furniture. The fibres of loose fillings such as horsehair and coir fibre often break as a result of degradation. Denser fillings such as straw, ulva marina and tow become embrittled and also break down. The rubber in rubberized fillings crumbles and polyurethane becomes soft and sticky. In all cases the fillings become less resilient, distorting the profile of the upholstery under-structure. There are three major contributing factors which accelerate the degradation process of these structures which relate broadly to manufacture, usage and intervention. The first is the interrelated stresses occurring between the materials due to the way they are built up on the frame. For example springs pushing against the adjacent upholstery layers may cause the webbing to break and consequently, the springs to drop. Similarly, the twine holding the springs under compression may deteriorate, causing the springs to rip through the overlying upholstery layers, resulting in a deformed profile. Additional stresses occur Deterioration of other materials and structures 359 between tensioned upholstery material and frame as they respond to fluctuating humidity levels. For example, tensioned vellum may split, a leather panel may pull away from point of attachment or a textile glued to a table top may buckle, lift or tear as the wood substrate responds to RH fluctuations. The second factor is the mechanical damage created while the object was a functional piece of seat furniture. The weight load of the sitter imposes tension, stress and mechanical abrasion upon the upholstered frame. Sweat and accidentally spilled drinks do affect top covers but are not usually in contact with understructures. The third factor is a result of later upholstery interventions. As a result part of the original understructure may be replaced with new materials causing additional strain and damage to the remaining upholstery and frame. Further information on this topic is provided by French (1990), Gill and Eastop (2001) and Williams (1990). Hardware The main chemical factors that effect the metals fasteners are environmental. High levels of relative humidity, the acidity of the surrounding wood and the sulphur compounds in rubber, leather, wool and certain textile finishes will cause some metals, particularly iron and copper alloys (brass and bronze), to corrode. Tack and nail heads and staple bars become weakened and eventually the corrosion products (copper carbonates from copper and its alloys, rust from iron) bond with the surrounding upholstery making removal difficult. Similarly the shanks become locked into the wood. In this condition it is quite difficult to remove the tack or staple without the head or bar snapping off. Fibres become acidic as they degrade. Metal ions catalyse the degradation of cellulose in the presence of oxygen and moisture. Carbohydrates present in cellulose base polymers may be a contributing factor in corrosion reactions with copper ions. Sulphuric acid produced by degradation processes and the burning of fossil fuels corrodes metals which in turn act as catalysts for further degradation. Wood produces organic acids which attack metals and textile fibres. Metal support systems (compression and tension springs) are vulnerable to corrosion attack and metal fatigue
360 Conservation of Furniture which may result in permanent distortion or complete breakage of the metal at the weakest point, that is the point under most pressure. Environmental conditions for the care of metals in general have been discussed above (section 8.4). Since metals are subject to corrosion at high relative humidities it is recommended that a constant RH of not more than 55% is maintained. If the metal is already in a corroded state the RH should be at least 10% lower provided that this is not detrimental to the other materials of which the object is composed, bearing in mind the balance of risk. Where possible the air should be free of sulphur and other acid gases. To protect metal surfaces from corrosion by skin salts and acids, gloves should be worn when handling metal surfaces. Surface coatings are sometimes applied to metals as corrosion inhibitors, however due to the size and function of the metal fastener this would not be a viable solution since the protective film could easily be scratched when the metal fastener is reapplied to the upholstered frame. Pin beading has been discussed in an unattributed article published in the BAFRA section of UKIC Conservation News No. 50 (March 1993). Bibliography Amoroso, G.G. and Fassina, V. (1983) Stone Decay and Conservation, Elsevier Araki, T. and Sato, H. (1978) Relationships between exhibition lighting and discoloration of lacquered wares, in Scientific Papers on Japanese Antiquities and Art Crafts (Kobunkazai no Kagaku) 23, December, pp. 1–24 Ballardie, M. (1994) Conservation of an 18th century chest, lacquered and japanned, in Lacquerwork and Japanning, Conference Postprints, UKIC, pp. 11–13 Baynes Cope, A.D. (1989) Caring for Books and Documents, 2nd edn, British Library Beale, R. (1994) Restoration of a late 17th century japanned longcase clock, in Lacquerwork and Japanning, Conference Postprints, UKIC, pp. 45–50 Bentley, P., McKellar, J.F. and Phillips, G.O. (1974) Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 5, Society of Dyers and Colorists Bentsen, J.G., Meilunas, R.J. and Steinberg, A. (1990) Analysis of aged paint binders by FTIR spectroscopy, Studies in Conservation, 35 Berkouwer, M. (1990) The conservation of tassels and trimmings from Castle Coole, in A. French (ed.), Conservation of Furnishing Textiles, Postprints of the Conference held at the Burrell Collection, Glasgow, 30–31 March 1991, Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration, Edinburgh Berndt, H. (1987) Assessing the detrimental effects of wood and wood products on the environment inside display cases, in AIC Conference Preprints, Vancouver, BC Birstein, V.J. and Tul’Chinsky, V.M. (1981) IR-spectroscopic analysis of aged gelatins, in ICOM Committee for Conservation, Preprints 6th Triennial Meeting, Ottawa, p. 81/1/9 Blank, S. (1990) An introduction to plastics and rubbers in collections, Studies in Conservation, 35, 2 Blyth, V. (1997) Pest management at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Pest Attack and Pest Control in Organic Materials, Conference Postprints, UKIC, pp. 7–12 Brill, T.B. (1980) Light, Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press Brommelle, N.S., Moncrieff, A. and Smith, P. (eds) Conservation of Wood in Painting and the Decorative Arts, Conference Preprints, IIC Brown, B.F. (1991) Corrosion and Metal Artifacts: A Dialogue Between Conservators and Archaeologists and Corrosion Scientists, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston Buck, R.D. (1961) The use of moisture barriers on panel paintings, Studies in Conservation, 6, 1, 9–19 Buys, S. and Oakley, V. (1994) Conservation and Restoration of Ceramics, Butterworths Calhoun, J.M. (1953) Storage of nitrate amateur still-camera film negatives, Journal of the Biological Photographic Association, 21, 3, pp. 1–13 Calnan, C.N. (1989) Re-tannage with aluminium alkoxides – a stabilizing treatment for acid deteriorated leather, ICOM International Leather and Parchment Symposium Preprints, Deutsche Ledermuseum, Offenbach, pp. 9–25 Calnan, C. (ed.) (1991) Conservation of Leather in Transport Collections, Conference Postprints, UKIC Calnan, C.N. and Haines, B.M. (eds) (1991) Leather Its Composition and Changes With Time, Leather Conservation Centre Calnan, C., Selm, R. and Haines, B. (1990) Conservation of automobile and carriage leathers, Leather Conservation News, 7, 1, 7–8 Carpenter, J. and Hatchfield, P. (1986) The problem of formaldehyde in museum collections, International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship, 5, 2, 183–8 Carthy, D. and McWilliam, C. (eds) (1984) Proceedings of the Symposium: Decorative Wood, Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration (SSCR) CCI Notes (1989) 9/1 Recognising Active Corrosion, Canadian Conservation Institute Chase, W.T. (1988) Lacquer examination and treatment at the Freer Gallery of Art: some case histories, in N.S. Brommelle and P. Smith (eds), Urushi, The Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 95–112 Clapp, A. (1987) Curatorial Care of Works of Art on Paper, 3rd edn, Lyons and Burford Cooke, B. (1988). Creasing in ancient textiles, in Textile Section of Conservation News, No. 35 (March) Copestake, S. (1992) The ageing and stabilization of shellac varnish resin, Third Year Undergraduate Research Project Report, Dept. of Chemistry, Imperial College, London Cowling, J.E. and Merritt, E.R. (1954) Paints, varnishes, enamels and lacquers, in G.A. Greathouse and C.J.
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Conservation of Furniture
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Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
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Contents Series editors’ preface
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3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
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The actual move 275 Protection of o
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Recording and reporting treatment 4
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11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
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15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
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16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
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Series editors’ preface The conse
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Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
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Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
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Acknowledgements It would take a ve
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Illustration acknowledgements The a
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Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
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Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
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Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
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Part 1 History
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1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
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Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
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Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
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conjunction of polychromy and carvi
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Materials used The choice of materi
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period reflects the dour and simple
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Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
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to use the continental dovetailing
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Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
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furniture by contrast was generally
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Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
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One process of construction that co
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eforms in education (1870 Elementar
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chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
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Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
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Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
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major feature, and confirmed the se
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Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
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Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
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The range of finishes has increased
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Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
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Specific texts relating to trade or
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Part 2 Materials
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2 Wood and wooden structures It is
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many properties, such as increasing
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ant consideration in the selection
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2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
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may be gradual in some woods, abrup
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PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
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the United States. In the UK, the T
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Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
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Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
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Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
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A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
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Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
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In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
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Figure 2.12 A representative portio
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depending upon species, whether sap
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0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
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Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
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mechanical effects of repeated shri
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wood member, for example, a block o
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The strength of wood in compression
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er of defects and repairs, and the
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unwanted movement in the joint is r
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2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
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Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
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3 Upholstery materials and structur
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Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
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Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
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it over a blunt metal blade or by p
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and dried to remove unwanted flesh
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Rattan or cane The cane that is use
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wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
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The surfaces of both woven and non-
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(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
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was not until the early nineteenth
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(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
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The ability of elastomers to be mou
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include polysaccharide gums such as
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Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
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Plastics and polymers, coatings and
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Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
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Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
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CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
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(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
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Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
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Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
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(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
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Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
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In walrus ivory an outer primary de
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(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
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Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
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tive applications. Metal tools have
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e preferred by hand smiths until it
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Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
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observed features can be carried ou
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Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
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Early in the fourteenth century sma
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diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
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a substance exists as a hybrid of t
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Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
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Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
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parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
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Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
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Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
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Part 3 Deterioration
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6 General review of environment and
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which water, oxygen and other react
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standard free energies of starting
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protect the material. When these be
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Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
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through which daylight is highly di
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climate. An important aspect of the
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(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
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panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
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allowed to expand in one part of th
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paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
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ences listed at the end of the foll
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about by localized conditions such
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about the same size as the width of
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ing for some time before they are n
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may cause irreparable damage. Appli
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ensure that the chance of further i
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plied by the density of the materia
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6.2.8 Environmental management for
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est changed at the same intervals.
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in locations familiar to all to sav
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Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
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7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
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(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
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figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
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time of exposure, moisture content
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RH changes lead to changes in moist
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
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(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
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one has proof of active infestation
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including starch depletion of timbe
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ise, when making wooden structures,
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(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
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Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
Page 344 and 345: Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
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Page 348 and 349: century. In between these examples
Page 350 and 351: 8 Deterioration of other materials
Page 352 and 353: (Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
Page 354 and 355: Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
Page 356 and 357: Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
Page 358 and 359: occur either as a result of the des
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Page 362 and 363: traditional furniture materials. Po
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Page 366 and 367: may not be directly proportional to
Page 368 and 369: Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
Page 370 and 371: Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
Page 372 and 373: (a) (b) to changes in the medium us
Page 374 and 375: which property changes become appar
Page 376 and 377: ond with the support. Uneven drying
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Page 380 and 381: 8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
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Page 384 and 385: within the leather leads to a react
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Page 390 and 391: inter-chain interactions are the ma
Page 392 and 393: (a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
Page 396 and 397: Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
Page 398 and 399: Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
Page 400 and 401: Part 4 Conservation
Page 402 and 403: 9 Conservation preliminaries This c
Page 404 and 405: techniques and rigorous grounding i
Page 406 and 407: • The retention of as much origin
Page 408 and 409: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
Page 410 and 411: and preservation. He proposed a mod
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Page 416 and 417: various materials that make up the
Page 418 and 419: the nature, extent, severity and lo
Page 420 and 421: treatment needs. Reliable identific
Page 422 and 423: Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
Page 424 and 425: information should always be carefu
Page 426 and 427: ange immediately upon excitation. T
Page 428 and 429: when dyes are being used to achieve
Page 430 and 431: cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
Page 432 and 433: structure of elements that have bee
Page 434 and 435: (a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
Page 436 and 437: design. This can be specially commi
Page 438 and 439: candle 1900 K Household electric li
Page 440 and 441: fessional quality shots in conserva
Page 442 and 443: • Availability of adaptors for cl
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Recording and reporting treatment O
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should also be provided in or close
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it is possible to share some facili
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Solvent storage Solvents should be
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(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
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Wherever possible, manual handling
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some specific details of that proce
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outes of entry to the body; risk ph
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(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
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isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
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general maintenance of the workshop
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and other emergencies such as gas l
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Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
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Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
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example, extensive treatment on one
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of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
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(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
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Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
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(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
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Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
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Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
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Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
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measure the diagonals across the se
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(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
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10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
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microballoons. They may be levelled
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Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
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as a gap filler in cases where a fa
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should be critically evaluated befo
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(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
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to the substrate or by using paper
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e progressively tightened over the
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Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
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ducing the curves on boulle and mar
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similar fabric is stretched across
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ures involved in preparing a copy o
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and capture a high degree of detail
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materials, used extensively by scul
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making material. Traditional releas
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The compo can be rolled out into a
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Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
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ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
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(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
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Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
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11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
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When a scalpel is used to pick away
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adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
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USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
Page 544 and 545:
alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
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suppliers. Careful selection of sol
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agency within the Department of Lab
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There are four stages in the dissol
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Figure 11.10 The positions of some
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Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
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ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
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as odourless mineral spirits or whi
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effective in breaking down coatings
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11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
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keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
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(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
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constant (k) (at standard temperatu
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Conditional stability constant (log
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solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
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on the application. It has been sug
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As with gels formulated from cellul
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Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
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Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
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12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
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Natural materials Wax has been used
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tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
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that influences the choice of gelat
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malachite and azurite. Decorative s
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of flakes and cups but care should
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damage when levelling the fill and
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erty of the adhesive polymer rather
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dimensional forms such as curved co
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
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chemical stability, flexibility and
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colours are ideal for under-saturat
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and those that must withstand use.
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efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
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use whenever possible and many cons
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tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
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although slower evaporating solvent
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ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
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Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
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(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
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appearance of paintings, Studies in
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American Chemical Society, Washingt
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often rely on self-levelling spray
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ecoming progressively harder and da
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Identifying a historical progressio
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normally seen, so that it can be mo
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Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
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of an overall finishing strategy. I
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e used cautiously and with suitable
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
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Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
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Thus conservation grade materials m
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ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
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(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
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French polishing French polishing d
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during a polishing session. If the
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applying fresh polish before pullin
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the addition of a separate thixotro
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Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
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however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
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applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
Page 704 and 705:
Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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