Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

More documents

Recommendations

Info

and capture a high degree of detail. Waxes release well from oiled surfaces, wet water clay and thoroughly soaked gypsum plaster. If a plaster mould is to be used for a wax cast, it is best soaked in hot water before application of wax. The water will act as a release agent and heat will eliminate chill wrinkles. Waxes, especially microcrystalline types, are chemically inert but cannot be used in liquid form against temperature sensitive surfaces. Slight to moderate shrinkage occurs upon cooling. Permanence is very good if stored below softening temperatures and cost is moderate. They present few health hazards but melting waxes do pose a potential fire hazard. Water clays are another ancient category of inexpensive moulding and casting materials. They are useful in modelling patterns and in taking quick squeeze impression moulds from patterns. They become progressively firmer as water is lost, which may be desirable when refining models to a high degree. The shrinkage of roughly 10–20% on drying can be exploited to scale down a model in size. Dried green clay is very fragile and water-soluble but otherwise inert. Clays cannot be used against water-sensitive surfaces but when thoroughly dry they will tolerate high temperatures, so molten metals and polymers can be poured against them. Health hazards resulting from breathing of clay and glaze dusts and breathing or ingestion of toxic metals in glazes have been reported but these problems are unlikely to be encountered in small-scale moulding and casting. Non-hardening clays, also known as plastilene and Plasticene, have been mixed with oils, waxes and other non-drying materials to keep them permanently pliable. They are used in the same way as water clays for modelling patterns and taking impressions, but they do not dry or shrink. Various firmness grades are available and firmer clays should be chosen for more detailed work. These clays can be made softer or harder by manipulation of temperature. Some of them contain sulphur, which will interact with metal objects and inhibit the cure of silicone rubber, but sulphur-free varieties are also available. Oils present in these clays may stain porous objects. Though they have poor permanence, there are generally no known health risks associated with these materials. Cost is low to moderate. Principles of conserving and repairing wooden furniture 485 Alginates are polysaccharides extracted from various species of marine algae (seaweed). They form hydro-colloidal gels in water that are similar to those formed by animal glues. Agar-agar is one such alginate and is also sometimes called ‘Japanese isinglass’. Alginates have been used in moulding since about the mid-twentieth century, particularly in the formulation of dental moulding compounds. Most alginates are available as powders that gel rapidly when mixed with water. Agar is normally dissolved in hot water and allowed to cool and gel. It can then be reheated and will liquefy at around 42 °C. It is the principal ingredient in ‘moulages’, which are used to mould human flesh, because of its low gelling temperature. Alginates may be difficult to use because of rapid gelling and associated air bubbles and wrinkles. Alginate gels have a high water content and cannot be used against water-sensitive materials. Only plaster and low melting temperature waxes can be cast in alginate moulds. Dimensions do not change on gelling but alginate moulds shrink and warp radically as they dry. Alginate moulds must therefore be used immediately and cannot be kept for any length of time. They do not retain detail well and are not suited for multiple castings. Alginates are non toxic and their cost is moderate. Animal/hide glues and gelatines were the first materials used to produce flexible moulds that could be stretched and released from undercuts. They were used for this purpose in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until largely replaced by synthetic elastomers. The properties of concentrated viscous glue solutions could be manipulated by the additions of materials such as glycerine to retard drying/shrinkage and sugar to plasticize the mixture. Glue moulds were poured at roughly body temperature. They cooled rapidly (depending on volume) and were prone to form chill wrinkles unless poured very smoothly. Glue moulds do not shrink appreciably upon gelling but do so as they dry out. They cannot be used in contact with water sensitive surfaces but are non-toxic and safe in all respects. Gelatine moulds were normally surface hardened with alum, formaldehyde (formalin) or tannic acid to prolong their usefulness that in any case was rather short due to surface blurring, contraction and distortion as
486 Conservation of Furniture they dried. Reproduction of detail is only fair due to rapid gelling, though cost is low. Gypsum plaster is one of the most ancient moulding and casting materials. It generally consists of calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO 4. 1 ⁄2H 2O) prepared from gypsum (calcium sulphate dihydrate) by heating at about 145 °C. When mixed with water, the plaster rehydrates to CaSO 4.2H 2O and recrystallizes, forming a dense network of interlocking needle-like crystals as it does so. This is an exothermic reaction resulting in a set plaster that hardens more fully as excess water evaporates. Gypsum plasters are actually a family of related materials because of the variety of ways they can be modified in manufacture and use to yield different setting rates, final hardness and other properties. This means that there is considerable choice in terms of working characteristics. Plasters with different setting times are available and those with faster setting times result in a greater temperature build up. Most plasters show expansion in setting between 0.05 to 1.0% by volume, though this may be reduced by the addition of a small quantity of ethanol before the plaster is poured. Plaster formulations can also be made to shrink slightly. Plaster is inexpensive and relatively safe in use but burns have resulted from very quick setting plasters and plaster dust should not be breathed, especially where silica has been used in the formulation. Optimum and reproducible results are only obtained if ingredients are carefully weighed, following the instructions in the manufacturer’s literature. Plaster should be well sieved before being sprinkled into water until a cone has been formed. When this has become saturated with water the plaster mix is gently stirred to a creamy consistency, as free from air bubbles as possible. As with animal/hide glues and gelatines, additives such as glue, borax or dextrin have been used to manipulate the final working properties. Set and dried plaster is highly inert and may be considered permanent. The surface may be sealed with a coating such as shellac, followed by a suitable release agent, before the mould is used. Plaster cannot be used against moisture sensitive surfaces. There is a large body of literature on plaster and plaster casting techniques, including manufacturer’s technical literature, which should be consulted when using this material. Thermoplastic polymers have been used for various applications in moulding and casting. Historically they have been used to produce rigid moulds. Decorative plasterers have used mixtures of waxes, resins and fillers to produce moulds for repeat patterns. Many nineteenthcentury moulds for composition ornaments were made of pitch mixtures enclosed in a strong frame and squeezed over an oiled carving while hot and pliable. Gutta percha was also used as a mould material. Modern synthetic resins can also be used in this way. Dental impression compounds have been used in picture frame restoration to make small squeeze moulds for the replacement of lost composition ornament. Poly(vinyl chloride) hot-melt rubbers, which melt between 120 °C and 170 °C, have been used extensively by commercial mould makers for large flexible moulds. Their melting range means they cannot be used where the original artefact cannot tolerate such temperatures. Like most thermoplastics, they shrink somewhat as they cool but have moderate to good permanence and are relatively inexpensive. PVC hot melts release toxic gases when hot and fume extraction is essential. They should not be used in contact with metals. PVC gels are available as modelling compounds in toy and hobby shops under trade names such as Fimo, Sculpey etc. They consist of colloidal particles of polyvinyl chloride mixed with a plasticizer. The plasticizer diffuses into the PVC when it is heated and fuses the mass together. These compounds are very useful for squeeze impressions because they have an unlimited working time and capture a high degree of detail. They may be used at room temperature, for high fidelity one-off castings in plaster, or oven-hardened at approximately 130 °C. There are no apparent chemical interactions, dimensional change is less than 1.0% upon hardening and permanence is good, but cost is moderate to high. Toxic gas is released if the material is overheated and fume extraction should be used whilst it is hardening. Unpolymerized vinyl monomer may be absorbed through the skin. A wide variety of thermosetting polymers is available for moulding and casting including epoxies, polyesters and polyurethanes for rigid castings, and polysulphides, polyurethanes and silicone rubbers for flexible moulds. These
Page 2 and 3:
Conservation of Furniture
Page 4 and 5:
Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Series editors’ preface
Page 8 and 9:
3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
Page 10 and 11:
The actual move 275 Protection of o
Page 12 and 13:
Recording and reporting treatment 4
Page 14 and 15:
11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
Page 16 and 17:
15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
Page 18 and 19:
16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
Page 20 and 21:
Series editors’ preface The conse
Page 22 and 23:
Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
Page 24 and 25:
Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
Page 26 and 27:
Acknowledgements It would take a ve
Page 28 and 29:
Illustration acknowledgements The a
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
Page 32 and 33:
Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
Page 34 and 35:
Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
Page 36 and 37:
Part 1 History
Page 38 and 39:
1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
Page 40 and 41:
Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
Page 42 and 43:
Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
Page 44 and 45:
conjunction of polychromy and carvi
Page 46 and 47:
Materials used The choice of materi
Page 48 and 49:
period reflects the dour and simple
Page 50 and 51:
Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
Page 52 and 53:
to use the continental dovetailing
Page 54 and 55:
Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
Page 56 and 57:
furniture by contrast was generally
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
Page 60 and 61:
One process of construction that co
Page 62 and 63:
eforms in education (1870 Elementar
Page 64 and 65:
chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
Page 68 and 69:
Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
Page 70 and 71:
major feature, and confirmed the se
Page 72 and 73:
Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
Page 76 and 77:
The range of finishes has increased
Page 78 and 79:
Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
Page 80 and 81:
Specific texts relating to trade or
Page 82 and 83:
Part 2 Materials
Page 84 and 85:
2 Wood and wooden structures It is
Page 86 and 87:
many properties, such as increasing
Page 88 and 89:
ant consideration in the selection
Page 90 and 91:
2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
Page 92 and 93:
may be gradual in some woods, abrup
Page 94 and 95:
PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
Page 96 and 97:
the United States. In the UK, the T
Page 98 and 99:
Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
Page 100 and 101:
Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
Page 102 and 103:
Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
Page 104 and 105:
A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
Page 108 and 109:
In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 2.12 A representative portio
Page 112 and 113:
depending upon species, whether sap
Page 114 and 115:
0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
Page 116 and 117:
Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
Page 118 and 119:
mechanical effects of repeated shri
Page 120 and 121:
wood member, for example, a block o
Page 122 and 123:
The strength of wood in compression
Page 124 and 125:
er of defects and repairs, and the
Page 126 and 127:
unwanted movement in the joint is r
Page 128 and 129:
2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
Page 130 and 131:
Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
Page 132 and 133:
3 Upholstery materials and structur
Page 134 and 135:
Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
Page 136 and 137:
Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
Page 138 and 139:
it over a blunt metal blade or by p
Page 140 and 141:
and dried to remove unwanted flesh
Page 142 and 143:
Rattan or cane The cane that is use
Page 144 and 145:
wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
Page 146 and 147:
The surfaces of both woven and non-
Page 148 and 149:
(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
Page 150 and 151:
was not until the early nineteenth
Page 152 and 153:
(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
Page 154 and 155:
The ability of elastomers to be mou
Page 156 and 157:
include polysaccharide gums such as
Page 158 and 159:
Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
Page 160 and 161:
Plastics and polymers, coatings and
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
Page 168 and 169:
Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
Page 232 and 233:
(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
Page 234 and 235:
Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
Page 236 and 237:
In walrus ivory an outer primary de
Page 238 and 239:
(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
Page 242 and 243:
tive applications. Metal tools have
Page 244 and 245:
e preferred by hand smiths until it
Page 246 and 247:
Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
Page 248 and 249:
observed features can be carried ou
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
Page 252 and 253:
Early in the fourteenth century sma
Page 254 and 255:
diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
Page 256 and 257:
a substance exists as a hybrid of t
Page 258 and 259:
Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
Page 260 and 261:
Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
Page 262 and 263:
Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
Page 264 and 265:
Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
Page 266 and 267:
Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
Page 268 and 269:
parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
Page 270 and 271:
Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
Page 272 and 273:
Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
Page 274 and 275:
Part 3 Deterioration
Page 276 and 277:
6 General review of environment and
Page 278 and 279:
which water, oxygen and other react
Page 280 and 281:
standard free energies of starting
Page 282 and 283:
protect the material. When these be
Page 284 and 285:
Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
Page 286 and 287:
through which daylight is highly di
Page 288 and 289:
climate. An important aspect of the
Page 290 and 291:
(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
Page 292 and 293:
panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
Page 294 and 295:
allowed to expand in one part of th
Page 296 and 297:
paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
Page 298 and 299:
ences listed at the end of the foll
Page 300 and 301:
about by localized conditions such
Page 302 and 303:
about the same size as the width of
Page 304 and 305:
ing for some time before they are n
Page 306 and 307:
may cause irreparable damage. Appli
Page 308 and 309:
ensure that the chance of further i
Page 310 and 311:
plied by the density of the materia
Page 312 and 313:
6.2.8 Environmental management for
Page 314 and 315:
est changed at the same intervals.
Page 316 and 317:
in locations familiar to all to sav
Page 318 and 319:
Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
Page 320 and 321:
7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
Page 322 and 323:
(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
Page 324 and 325:
figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
Page 326 and 327:
time of exposure, moisture content
Page 328 and 329:
RH changes lead to changes in moist
Page 330 and 331:
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
Page 332 and 333:
(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
Page 334 and 335:
one has proof of active infestation
Page 336 and 337:
including starch depletion of timbe
Page 338 and 339:
ise, when making wooden structures,
Page 340 and 341:
(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
Page 342 and 343:
Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
Page 344 and 345:
Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
Page 346 and 347:
woodworm damage is accompanied by s
Page 348 and 349:
century. In between these examples
Page 350 and 351:
8 Deterioration of other materials
Page 352 and 353:
(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
Page 354 and 355:
Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
Page 356 and 357:
Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
Page 358 and 359:
occur either as a result of the des
Page 360 and 361:
colour of a decorative paint surfac
Page 362 and 363:
traditional furniture materials. Po
Page 364 and 365:
preferentially absorb energy at wav
Page 366 and 367:
may not be directly proportional to
Page 368 and 369:
Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
Page 370 and 371:
Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
Page 372 and 373:
(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
Page 374 and 375:
which property changes become appar
Page 376 and 377:
ond with the support. Uneven drying
Page 378 and 379:
the structure of the lacquer film a
Page 380 and 381:
8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
Page 382 and 383:
~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
Page 384 and 385:
within the leather leads to a react
Page 386 and 387:
crease at corners of upholstery, or
Page 388 and 389:
eaves of buildings are a source fro
Page 390 and 391:
inter-chain interactions are the ma
Page 392 and 393:
(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
Page 394 and 395:
trims to the frame may render fibre
Page 396 and 397:
Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
Page 398 and 399:
Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
Page 400 and 401:
Part 4 Conservation
Page 402 and 403:
9 Conservation preliminaries This c
Page 404 and 405:
techniques and rigorous grounding i
Page 406 and 407:
• The retention of as much origin
Page 408 and 409:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
Page 410 and 411:
and preservation. He proposed a mod
Page 412 and 413:
cally be undertaken. Before embarki
Page 414 and 415:
cal, solutions include enclosing th
Page 416 and 417:
various materials that make up the
Page 418 and 419:
the nature, extent, severity and lo
Page 420 and 421:
treatment needs. Reliable identific
Page 422 and 423:
Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
Page 424 and 425:
information should always be carefu
Page 426 and 427:
ange immediately upon excitation. T
Page 428 and 429:
when dyes are being used to achieve
Page 430 and 431:
cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
Page 432 and 433:
structure of elements that have bee
Page 434 and 435:
(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
Page 436 and 437:
design. This can be specially commi
Page 438 and 439:
candle 1900 K Household electric li
Page 440 and 441:
fessional quality shots in conserva
Page 442 and 443:
• Availability of adaptors for cl
Page 444 and 445:
Recording and reporting treatment O
Page 446 and 447:
should also be provided in or close
Page 448 and 449:
it is possible to share some facili
Page 450 and 451:
Solvent storage Solvents should be
Page 452 and 453:
(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
Page 454 and 455:
Wherever possible, manual handling
Page 456 and 457:
some specific details of that proce
Page 458 and 459:
outes of entry to the body; risk ph
Page 460 and 461:
(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
Page 462 and 463:
isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
Page 464 and 465:
general maintenance of the workshop
Page 466 and 467:
and other emergencies such as gas l
Page 468 and 469:
Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
Page 470 and 471: Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
Page 472 and 473: example, extensive treatment on one
Page 474 and 475: of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
Page 476 and 477: (a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
Page 478 and 479: (a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
Page 480 and 481: Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
Page 482 and 483: (a) (b) Principles of conserving an
Page 484 and 485: Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
Page 486 and 487: Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
Page 488 and 489: Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
Page 490 and 491: measure the diagonals across the se
Page 492 and 493: (i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
Page 494 and 495: 10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
Page 496 and 497: microballoons. They may be levelled
Page 498 and 499: Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
Page 500 and 501: as a gap filler in cases where a fa
Page 502 and 503: should be critically evaluated befo
Page 504 and 505: (a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
Page 506 and 507: to the substrate or by using paper
Page 508 and 509: e progressively tightened over the
Page 510 and 511: Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
Page 512 and 513: (a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
Page 514 and 515: ducing the curves on boulle and mar
Page 516 and 517: similar fabric is stretched across
Page 518 and 519: ures involved in preparing a copy o
Page 522 and 523: materials, used extensively by scul
Page 524 and 525: making material. Traditional releas
Page 526 and 527: The compo can be rolled out into a
Page 528 and 529: Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
Page 530 and 531: ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
Page 532 and 533: (a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
Page 534 and 535: Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
Page 536 and 537: 11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
Page 538 and 539: When a scalpel is used to pick away
Page 540 and 541: adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
Page 542 and 543: USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
Page 544 and 545: alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547: R' | R - C O The presence of the c
Page 548 and 549: suppliers. Careful selection of sol
Page 550 and 551: agency within the Department of Lab
Page 552 and 553: There are four stages in the dissol
Page 554 and 555: Figure 11.10 The positions of some
Page 556 and 557: Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
Page 558 and 559: ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
Page 560 and 561: as odourless mineral spirits or whi
Page 562 and 563: effective in breaking down coatings
Page 564 and 565: 11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
Page 566 and 567: keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569: The two primary factors in choosing
Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
Page 572 and 573:
(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
Page 578 and 579:
constant (k) (at standard temperatu
Page 580 and 581:
Conditional stability constant (log
Page 582 and 583:
solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589:
Wax pastes have traditionally been
Page 590 and 591:
on the application. It has been sug
Page 592 and 593:
As with gels formulated from cellul
Page 594 and 595:
Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
Page 596 and 597:
Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
Page 598 and 599:
12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
Page 600 and 601:
Natural materials Wax has been used
Page 602 and 603:
tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
Page 604 and 605:
that influences the choice of gelat
Page 606 and 607:
malachite and azurite. Decorative s
Page 608 and 609:
of flakes and cups but care should
Page 610 and 611:
damage when levelling the fill and
Page 612 and 613:
erty of the adhesive polymer rather
Page 614 and 615:
dimensional forms such as curved co
Page 616 and 617:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
Page 618 and 619:
chemical stability, flexibility and
Page 620 and 621:
colours are ideal for under-saturat
Page 622 and 623:
and those that must withstand use.
Page 624 and 625:
efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
Page 626 and 627:
use whenever possible and many cons
Page 628 and 629:
tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
Page 630 and 631:
although slower evaporating solvent
Page 632 and 633:
ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
Page 634 and 635:
Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
Page 636 and 637:
(a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
Page 638 and 639:
appearance of paintings, Studies in
Page 640 and 641:
American Chemical Society, Washingt
Page 642 and 643:
often rely on self-levelling spray
Page 644 and 645:
ecoming progressively harder and da
Page 646 and 647:
Identifying a historical progressio
Page 648 and 649:
normally seen, so that it can be mo
Page 650 and 651:
Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
Page 652 and 653:
of an overall finishing strategy. I
Page 654 and 655:
e used cautiously and with suitable
Page 656 and 657:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
Page 660 and 661:
Thus conservation grade materials m
Page 662 and 663:
ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665:
materials is their photochemical st
Page 666 and 667:
(a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
Page 668 and 669:
French polishing French polishing d
Page 670 and 671:
during a polishing session. If the
Page 672 and 673:
applying fresh polish before pullin
Page 674 and 675:
the addition of a separate thixotro
Page 676 and 677:
Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679:
eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681:
is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683:
wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685:
necessary to use a size coat as str
Page 686 and 687:
however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
Page 704 and 705:
Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
show all

Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?