Series editors' preface - Wood Tools

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appearance of paintings, Studies in Conservation, 32, 1–13 de la Rie, R. (1988a) Polymer stabilisers: a survey with reference to possible applications in the conservation field, Studies in Conservation, 33 (1), 9–22 de la Rie, R. (1988b) Photochemical and thermal degradation of films of dammar resin, Studies in Conservation, 33 (2), 53–70 de la Rie, R. (1993) Polymer additives for synthetic low molecular weight varnishes, in ICOM Committee for Conservation, 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington DC, II, pp. 566–75 de la Rie, R. and McGlinchey, C. (1989) Stabilized dammar picture varnish, Studies in Conservation, 34, 137–46 de la Rie, R. and McGlinchey, C. (1990a) The effect of a hindered amine light stabiliser on the aging of dammar and mastic varnish in an environment free of ultraviolet light, in Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 160–4 de la Rie, R. and McGlinchey, C. (1990b) New synthetic resins for picture varnishes, in Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 168–73 de la Rie, R. and Shedrinsky, A.M. (1989) The chemistry of ketone resins and the synthesis of a derivative with increased stability and flexibility, Studies in Conservation, 34 (1), 9–19 de la Rie, R., Lomax, S.Q., Palmer, M., Glinsman, L.D. and Maines, C.A. (2000) An investigation of the photochemical stability of urea-aldehyde resin retouching paints: removability tests and colour spectroscopy, in Tradition and Innovation, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 51–9 De Witte, E., Florquin, S. and Goessens-Landrie, M. (1984) Influence of the modification of dispersions on film properties, Adhesives and Consolidants, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 32–35 Dorge, V. and Howlett, F.C. (eds) (1998) Painted Wood: History and Conservation, Getty Conservation Institute Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Tetrealt, J. and Williams, R.S. (1996) Adhesive testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute – an evaluation of selected poly(vinyl acetate) and acrylic adhesives, Studies in Conservation, 41, 19–44 Duffy, M.C. (1989) A study of acrylic dispersions used in the treatment of paintings, JAIC, 28, 67–77 Epley, B. (1996) The history of synthetic resin varnishes, in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 35–50 Feller, R.L. (1966) First description of dammar picture varnish translated, Bulletin of the IIC American Group, 12 (2), 72–81 Feller, R.L. (1978) Standards in the evaluation of thermoplastic resins, in ICOM Committee for Conservation, Preprints 5th Triennial Meeting, 78/6/4 Feller, R.F. and Wilt, M. (1990) Evaluation of Cellulose Ethers for Conservation, Getty Conservation Institute Feller, R.L., Stolow, N. and Jones, E.H. (1985) On Picture Varnishes and their Solvents, Washington, DC, National Gallery of Art (first published 1959) Fisher, S.L. (1996) MS2A in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 81–92 Gettens, R.J. and Stout, R. (1966) Painting Materials: An Encyclopaedia, Dover Grattan, D.W. (1980) Consolidants for degraded and damaged wood in Proceedings of the Furniture and Wooden Principles of consolidation, aesthetic reintegration and coatings 603 Objects Symposium, CCI, National Museums of Canada, pp. 27–42 Green, J. and Seddon, J. (1981) A study of materials for filling losses in easel paintings and their receptiveness to casting of textures, in ICOM Committee for Conservation, Preprints 6th Triennial Meeting, Ottawa Hackney, S. (1990) The removal of dirt from Turner’s unvarnished oil sketches, in Dirt and Pictures Separated, Conference Postprints, UKIC, pp. 35–39 Hackney, S., Townsend, J. and Eastaugh, N. (eds) (1990) Dirt and Pictures Separated, Conference Postprints, UKIC Hansen, E.F. (1994) The effects of solvent quality on some properties of thermoplastic amorphous polymers used in conservation, in Material Issues in Art and Archaeology IV, Materials Research Society, pp. 807–12 Hansen, E.F., Derrick, M.R., Schilling, M.R. and Garcia, R. (1991) The effects of solution application on some mechanical and physical properties of thermoplastic amorphous polymers used in conservation: poly(vinyl acetate)s, JAIC, 30, 203–13 Hansen, E.F., Lowinger, R. and Sadoff, E.T. (1993) Consolidation of porous paint in a vapour saturated atmosphere: a technique for minimizing changes in the appearance of powdering matte paint, JAIC, 32(1), 1–14 Hansen, E.F., Walston, S. and Bishop, M.H. (1996) Matte paint: its history and technology, analysis, properties and conservation treatment, WAAC Newsletter, 18 (2), 15–24 Hatchfield, P. (1986) Notes on a fill material for water sensitive objects, JAIC, 25, 93–5 Haupt, M., Dyer, D. and Hanlan, J. (1990) An investigation into three animal glues, The Conservator, 14, 10–16 Hayward, C. (1988) Staining and Polishing, Evans Bros, London/Unwin Hyman Hebrard, M. and Small, S. (1991) Experiments in the use of polyvinyl alcohol as a substitute for animal glues in the conservation of gilded wood, in D. Bigelow, E. Cornu, G. Landrey and C. van Horne (eds), Gilded Wood, Conservation and History, Sound View Press, pp. 277–90 Horie, V. (1992) Materials for Conservation, Butterworth- Heinemann Horton-Jones, D., Walston S. and Zounis, S. (1991) Evaluation of the stability, appearance and performance of resins for the adhesion of flaking paint on ethnographic objects, Studies in Conservation, 36, 203–21 Howells, R., Burnstock, A., Hedley, G. and Hackney, S. (1984) Polymer dispersions artificially aged, Adhesives and Consolidants, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 36–43 Jägers, E. and Jägers, E. (1999) Volatile binding media – useful tools for conservation, in Reversibility – Does It Exist? British Museum Occasional Paper No. 135 Jaworski, M. (1996) Equipment: varnishing brushes, in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 225–36 Johnston, R.M. and Feller, R.L. (1963) The use of differential spectral curve analysis in the study of museum objects, Dyestuffs, 44, 277–86 Kempski, M. (2000) Tempera retouching, case notes, in Filling and Retouching, Conference Preprints, Association of British Picture Restorers, pp. 45–9 Lafontaine, R.H. (1978) The effects of inhibitors on the removability of aged ketone resin N (BASF) film, JIIC–CG, 3 (2), 7–12 Lafontaine, R.H. (1979a) Decreasing the yellowing rate of
604 Conservation of Furniture dammar varnish using antioxidants, Studies in Conservation, 24 (1), 14–22 Lafontaine, R.H. (1979b) Effect of Irganox 565 on the removability of dammar films, Studies in Conservation, 24 (4), 197–81 Lank, H. (1976) Picture varnishes formulated with resin MS2A, in The Conservation and Restoration of Pictorial Art, Butterworths, pp. 148–49 Lank, H. (1990) Egg tempera as a retouching medium, in Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 156–7 Lawrence, C. (1990) The effects of solvent variations on long term properties of resin coatings, in Papers presented at the Sixteenth Annual Art Conservation Training Programs Conference, University of Delaware/Winterthur Museum Art Conservation Department, pp. 65–82 Leonard, M. (1990) Some observations on the use and appearance of two new synthetic resins for picture varnishes, in Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 174–6 Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin, R. and de la Rie, R. (2000) Development of a new material for retouching, in Tradition and Innovation, Conference Preprints, IIC, pp. 111–13 Lomax, S.Q. (1995) How to calculate concentration of solutions, AIC News, January MacKay, A. (1997) Treatment of a painted plaster sculpture: The Bard by Emmanuel Hahn, J. IIC–C, 22, 31–8 Malkin, A. (1983) Strength and long-term fracture of polymers formed from different solvents, Polymer Process Engineering, 1 (1), 93–108 Manson, J.A. and Sperling, L.H. (1976) Polymer Blends and Composites, Plenum Press Masschelein-Kleiner, L. (1985) Ancient Binding Media, Varnishes and Adhesives, ICCROM Mayer, R. (1991) The Artist’s Handbook of Materials and Techniques, 5th edn, Faber and Faber McLaren, K. (1983) The Colour Science of Pigments and Dyes, Adam Hilger Mecklenburg, M.F. (1991) Some mechanical and physical properties of gilding gesso, in D. Bigelow, E. Cornu, G. Landrey and C. van Horne (eds), Gilded Wood, Conservation and History, Sound View Press, pp. 163–70 Mention, E. (1995) Mastic, in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 55–62 Merz-le, (1996) Dammar, in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 63–74 Michalski, S. and Dignard, C. (1997) Ultrasonic misting. Part 1, experiments on appearance change and improvement in bonding, JAIC, 36, 109–26 Michalski, S., Dignard, C., van Handel, L. and Arnold, D. (1998) The ultrasonic mister: applications in the consolidation of powdery paint on wooden artifacts, in V. Dorge and F.C. Howlett (eds), Painted Wood: History and Conservation, Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 498–513 Mills, J.S. and Smith, P. (eds) (1990) Cleaning, Retouching and Coatings, Conference Preprints, IIC Mills, J. and White, R. (1977) Natural resins of art and archaeology: their sources, chemistry and identification, Studies in Conservation, 22 National Gallery of Washington (1998) Synthetic Low Molecular Weight Resins Information Sheet, National Gallery of Art, Washington Nielson, L.E. (1966) Simple theory of stress–strain properties of filled polymers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 10 (1), 99 Ocon, N. and Miller, D. (1996) Spray varnishing equipment, in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 237–48 Oddy, A. and Carroll, S. (eds) (1999) Reversibility – Does it Exist? British Museum Occasional Paper No. 135 Owen, P. and Sutcliffe, J. (1988) The Manual of Airbrushing, Thames and Hudson Perry, R.A. (2000) Retouching damaged modern art, in Filling and Retouching, Conference Preprints, Association of British Picture Restorers, pp. 19–22 Petukhova, T. and Bonadies, S. (1993) Sturgeon glue for painting consolidation in Russia, JAIC, 32, 23–31 Phenix, A. (1992a) Solvents for Paraloid B–72, Conservation News, 48, 21–3 Phenix, A. (1992b) Solvents for Paraloid B–72, Conservation News, 49, 23–5 Phenix, A. (1993) Solvents for Paraloid B–72, Conservation News, 50, 39–40 Piena, H. (2001) Regalrez in furniture conservation, JAIC, 40, 59–69 Raft, K. (1985) A preliminary report on the possibility of using bleached beeswax to improve the resolubility of picture varnishes based on polycyclohexanones, Studies in Conservation, 30, 143–4 Ramsay, L. (2000) An evaluation of Italian retouching techniques, Filling and Retouching, Conference Preprints, Association of British Picture Restorers, pp. 10–13 Ream, J.D. (1995) Observations on the penetration of two consolidants applied to insecure gouache on paper, in The Book and Paper Group Annual, 14, 27–40 Rodwell, D.F.G. (1984) Ageing of wood adhesives – loss of strength with time, Building Research Establishment Information Paper, No. 8/84, Building Research Establishment, Glasgow, UK Sakuno, T. and Schniewind, A.P. (1990) Adhesive qualities of consolidants for deteriorated wood, JAIC, 29, 33–44 Samet, W. (1997) General application techniques, in W. Samet (compiler) (1998), Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group, pp. 251–72 Samet, W. (1998a) The philosophy of aesthetic reintegration: paintings and painted furniture, in V. Dorge and F.C. Howlett (eds), Painted Wood: History and Conservation, Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 412–23 Samet, W. (compiler) (1998b) Painting Conservation Catalogue: Varnish and Surface Coatings, AIC Paintings Specialty Group Schaffer, E. and Brisebois, F. (1974) Inexpensive homemade vacuum chamber for impregnation, Studies in Conservation, 19 (2), 91–6 Schniewind, A.P. (1987) What goes up must come down ... but is it reversible, in AIC Wooden Artifacts Group, Conference Papers, Vancouver, BC, pp. 107–117 Schniewind, A.P. (1988) On the reversibility of consolidation treatments of deteriorated wood with soluble resins, in AIC Wooden Artifacts Group, Conference Papers, New Orleans Schniewind, A.P. (1990) Consolidation of dry archaeological wood by impregnation with thermoplastic resins, Archaeological Wood Properties, Chemistry, and Preservation, Advances in Chemistry Series No. 225,
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Conservation of Furniture
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Conservation of Furniture Shayne Ri
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Contents Series editors’ preface
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3.2.5 Coated fabrics and ‘leather
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The actual move 275 Protection of o
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Recording and reporting treatment 4
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11.5.6 Enzymes 548 11.5.7 Blanching
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15.3.5 Repairs 683 15.3.6 Replaceme
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16.9.2 General care 771 16.9.3 Clea
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Series editors’ preface The conse
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Contributors Part 1 History 1 Furni
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Brenda Keneghan Senior Conservation
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Acknowledgements It would take a ve
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Illustration acknowledgements The a
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Figure 4.14 (a,c,d) Drawing by Liz
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Figure 11.9 Julie Arslano˘glu base
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Figure 15.17 Courtesy of P.R. Jacks
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Part 1 History
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1 Furniture history 1.1 Introductio
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Figure 1.2 Klismos chair, English,
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Figure 1.3 Late medieval oak Englis
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conjunction of polychromy and carvi
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Materials used The choice of materi
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period reflects the dour and simple
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Figure 1.10 High-backed cane chair,
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to use the continental dovetailing
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Figure 1.14 Japanned cabinet on sta
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furniture by contrast was generally
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Figure 1.16 A mahogany English Rege
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One process of construction that co
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eforms in education (1870 Elementar
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chesterfields, chiffoniers, davenpo
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Figure 1.20 Papier mâché chair, E
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Figure 1.21 Thonet bentwood chair,
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major feature, and confirmed the se
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Figure 1.25 Sideboard, ‘Casablanc
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Figure 1.27 Tulip chair, designed b
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The range of finishes has increased
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Viaux, J. (1962) Le Meuble en Franc
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Specific texts relating to trade or
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Part 2 Materials
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2 Wood and wooden structures It is
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many properties, such as increasing
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ant consideration in the selection
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2.2.2 Wood anatomy: softwoods The c
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may be gradual in some woods, abrup
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PARENCHYMA ARRANGEMENTS V P Apotrac
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the United States. In the UK, the T
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Ash - Fraxinus spp. (1) F. american
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Birch - Betula spp. (1) B. alleghan
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Rosewood - Dalbergia spp. D latifol
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A A northern red oak Quercus rubra
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Figure 2.9 Tangential microscopic v
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In the walnut genus, Juglans, two i
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Figure 2.12 A representative portio
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depending upon species, whether sap
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0 and 25% moisture content. They ha
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Equilibrium moisture content (%) 28
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mechanical effects of repeated shri
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wood member, for example, a block o
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The strength of wood in compression
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er of defects and repairs, and the
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unwanted movement in the joint is r
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2.7.5 Other joint types Among other
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Figure 2.30 Dovetails and associate
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3 Upholstery materials and structur
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Figure 3.1 A late sixteenth century
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Epidermis/ skin Hair shaft Sweat gl
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it over a blunt metal blade or by p
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and dried to remove unwanted flesh
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Rattan or cane The cane that is use
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wood pulp and cellulose acetate fro
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The surfaces of both woven and non-
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(Gill and Eastop, 2001). ‘Throwaw
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was not until the early nineteenth
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(a) (b) (c) Horse hair, obtained fr
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The ability of elastomers to be mou
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include polysaccharide gums such as
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Shearer, G.L. (1989) An Evaluation
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Plastics and polymers, coatings and
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Melamine formaldehyde (MF) Phenol f
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Polyurethanes (PUR) Poly(vinyl acet
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CH 2—OOCR l R ll COO—CH O CH
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(c) 4.7.4 Proteins Plastics and pol
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Triterpenoids Plastics and polymers
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Figure 5.2 Sources of ivory that ha
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(a) (b) Bone and antler Bone has be
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Table 5.1 Class characteristics of
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In walrus ivory an outer primary de
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(a) (b) imitate the more costly tur
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Figure 5.12 Mollusc shells used in
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tive applications. Metal tools have
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e preferred by hand smiths until it
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Table 5.2 Relationship between comp
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observed features can be carried ou
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Figure 5.14 The use of a crane to m
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Early in the fourteenth century sma
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diffraction, energy dispersive X-ra
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a substance exists as a hybrid of t
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Table 5.3 Pigments Other materials
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued Othe
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Table 5.3 Pigments - continued will
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Table 5.4 Some traditional colorant
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parent to X-rays. X-ray diffraction
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Larsen, E.B. (1984) Electrotyping,
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Van Duin, P. (1989) Two pairs of Bo
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Part 3 Deterioration
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6 General review of environment and
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which water, oxygen and other react
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standard free energies of starting
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protect the material. When these be
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Table 6.1 UV Component of various l
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through which daylight is highly di
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climate. An important aspect of the
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(a) 60 (b) 30 55 30 50 45 25 40 35
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panying fungal attack. Animal fibre
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allowed to expand in one part of th
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paint, silk and some dyes and pigme
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ences listed at the end of the foll
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about by localized conditions such
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about the same size as the width of
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ing for some time before they are n
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may cause irreparable damage. Appli
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ensure that the chance of further i
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plied by the density of the materia
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6.2.8 Environmental management for
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est changed at the same intervals.
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in locations familiar to all to sav
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Appelbaum, B. (1992) Guide to Envir
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7 Deterioration of wood and wooden
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(a) Figure 7.1 A knot is a portion
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figure or behaviour. Tangential (fl
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time of exposure, moisture content
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RH changes lead to changes in moist
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
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(a) (b) Figure 7.6 The common furni
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one has proof of active infestation
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including starch depletion of timbe
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ise, when making wooden structures,
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(a) (b) (a) (b) Faults in execution
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Figure 7.14 Rear door of a boulle b
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Relative humidity (%) 100 90 80 70
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woodworm damage is accompanied by s
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century. In between these examples
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8 Deterioration of other materials
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(Tennent and Baird, 1985). Coatings
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Table 8.2 Copper corrosion products
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Table 8.5 Galvanic series in seawat
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occur either as a result of the des
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colour of a decorative paint surfac
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traditional furniture materials. Po
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preferentially absorb energy at wav
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may not be directly proportional to
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Figure 8.4 Detail of a pine panel f
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Figure 8.6 Detail of the lower part
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(a) (b) to changes in the medium us
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which property changes become appar
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ond with the support. Uneven drying
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the structure of the lacquer film a
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8.10 Adhesives In practice, adhesiv
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~CH 2—CH—CH 2~ | O Alkoxy radic
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within the leather leads to a react
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crease at corners of upholstery, or
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eaves of buildings are a source fro
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inter-chain interactions are the ma
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Degradation of
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trims to the frame may render fibre
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Wessell (eds), Deterioration of Mat
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Shashoua, Y. (1996) A passive appro
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Part 4 Conservation
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9 Conservation preliminaries This c
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techniques and rigorous grounding i
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• The retention of as much origin
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation pr
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and preservation. He proposed a mod
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cally be undertaken. Before embarki
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cal, solutions include enclosing th
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various materials that make up the
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the nature, extent, severity and lo
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treatment needs. Reliable identific
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Figure 9.2 A good quality loupe (ri
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information should always be carefu
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ange immediately upon excitation. T
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when dyes are being used to achieve
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cause inaccurate readings. Wood tha
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structure of elements that have bee
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(a) ‘reading’ of the object. Fo
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design. This can be specially commi
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candle 1900 K Household electric li
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fessional quality shots in conserva
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• Availability of adaptors for cl
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Recording and reporting treatment O
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should also be provided in or close
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it is possible to share some facili
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Solvent storage Solvents should be
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(a) (b) and condition of incoming a
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Wherever possible, manual handling
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some specific details of that proce
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outes of entry to the body; risk ph
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(a) (b) Figure 9.11 Examples of app
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isks so that harm is unlikely? Only
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general maintenance of the workshop
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and other emergencies such as gas l
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Dunbar, M. (1989) Restoring, Tuning
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Stevens, R.E. (1980) Microscopical
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example, extensive treatment on one
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of the stock and a rule of thumb fo
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(a) (b) Chair leg False tenon 1/3 a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.3 Testing the
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Hammer veneering with animal/hide g
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(a) (b) Principles of conserving an
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Table 10.2 Cramping/clamping device
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Table 10.3 Abrasives Principles of
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Table 10.3 Abrasives - continued ne
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measure the diagonals across the se
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(i) (ii) (a) Figure 10.11 Dismantli
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10.2.4 Reinforcing joints If a loos
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microballoons. They may be levelled
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Figure 10.15 Jig used to keep fills
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as a gap filler in cases where a fa
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should be critically evaluated befo
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(a) (b) Figure 10.21 Marking out do
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to the substrate or by using paper
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e progressively tightened over the
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Boucher (1995) described a techniqu
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 10.23 Repairing
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ducing the curves on boulle and mar
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similar fabric is stretched across
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ures involved in preparing a copy o
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and capture a high degree of detail
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materials, used extensively by scul
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making material. Traditional releas
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The compo can be rolled out into a
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Properties, Chemistry and Preservat
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ehaviour of twentieth and twenty-fi
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(a) (b) (c) cleaned area should be
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Cleaning tests may embrace a wide r
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11.2 Mechanical cleaning Mechanical
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When a scalpel is used to pick away
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adhere the unwanted varnish or dirt
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USA solvents (also known as) TLV (A
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alent to low aromatic (c.17-20% aro
Page 546 and 547:
R' | R - C O The presence of the c
Page 548 and 549:
suppliers. Careful selection of sol
Page 550 and 551:
agency within the Department of Lab
Page 552 and 553:
There are four stages in the dissol
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 11.10 The positions of some
Page 556 and 557:
Table 11.2 Teas’ solvent referenc
Page 558 and 559:
ethanol acetone white spirit Figure
Page 560 and 561:
as odourless mineral spirits or whi
Page 562 and 563:
effective in breaking down coatings
Page 564 and 565:
11.4.3 Acids Organic acids have the
Page 566 and 567:
keep the contact time of both clean
Page 568 and 569:
The two primary factors in choosing
Page 570 and 571:
Detergents Commercially viable synt
Page 572 and 573:
(a) (b) Figure 11.19 Orientation of
Page 574 and 575:
carbon rinse is required (Burnstock
Page 576 and 577:
Table 11.8 Properties of some deter
Page 578 and 579:
constant (k) (at standard temperatu
Page 580 and 581:
Conditional stability constant (log
Page 582 and 583:
solution and act as a buffer, e.g.
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 11.24 Old residues of a coll
Page 586 and 587:
General purpose protease gel 100 ml
Page 588 and 589: Wax pastes have traditionally been
Page 590 and 591: on the application. It has been sug
Page 592 and 593: As with gels formulated from cellul
Page 594 and 595: Leonard, M., Whitten, J., Gamblin,
Page 596 and 597: Viscosity may be manipulated to mee
Page 598 and 599: 12.2.2 Penetration of consolidant a
Page 600 and 601: Natural materials Wax has been used
Page 602 and 603: tive. Volatile ‘binding’ media
Page 604 and 605: that influences the choice of gelat
Page 606 and 607: malachite and azurite. Decorative s
Page 608 and 609: of flakes and cups but care should
Page 610 and 611: damage when levelling the fill and
Page 612 and 613: erty of the adhesive polymer rather
Page 614 and 615: dimensional forms such as curved co
Page 616 and 617: (a) (b) (c) (d) Principles of c
Page 618 and 619: chemical stability, flexibility and
Page 620 and 621: colours are ideal for under-saturat
Page 622 and 623: and those that must withstand use.
Page 624 and 625: efractive index for air is 1.003 (B
Page 626 and 627: use whenever possible and many cons
Page 628 and 629: tic, dammar and MS2A. Window glass
Page 630 and 631: although slower evaporating solvent
Page 632 and 633: ut insoluble in acetone and lower a
Page 634 and 635: Figure 12.13 Diagrammatic represent
Page 636 and 637: (a) (b) ‘touch-up’ guns may be
Page 640 and 641: American Chemical Society, Washingt
Page 642 and 643: often rely on self-levelling spray
Page 644 and 645: ecoming progressively harder and da
Page 646 and 647: Identifying a historical progressio
Page 648 and 649: normally seen, so that it can be mo
Page 650 and 651: Figure 13.4 Parafilm ® is a thin w
Page 652 and 653: of an overall finishing strategy. I
Page 654 and 655: e used cautiously and with suitable
Page 656 and 657: (a) (b) (c) Figure 13.6 The use of
Page 658 and 659: Figure 13.7 Proprietary shellac sti
Page 660 and 661: Thus conservation grade materials m
Page 662 and 663: ing the colour. This may be useful
Page 664 and 665: materials is their photochemical st
Page 666 and 667: (a) (b) Figure 13.11 Use of oils (a
Page 668 and 669: French polishing French polishing d
Page 670 and 671: during a polishing session. If the
Page 672 and 673: applying fresh polish before pullin
Page 674 and 675: the addition of a separate thixotro
Page 676 and 677: Roelop, W. (1994) Coloured mordants
Page 678 and 679: eflective shine, whilst oil gilding
Page 680 and 681: is used for laying gold and silver
Page 682 and 683: wood be dry, free of grime, oil and
Page 684 and 685: necessary to use a size coat as str
Page 686 and 687: however, makes it more difficult to
Page 688 and 689:
flutes or other details in the carv
Page 690 and 691:
14.2.12 Yellow ochre A coat of size
Page 692 and 693:
applied only to highlight areas (Fi
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 14.12 Manipulating the gold
Page 696 and 697:
14.2.17 Double gilding Water gildin
Page 698 and 699:
ground would be prepared uniformly
Page 700 and 701:
areas, however deep, that have been
Page 702 and 703:
15 Conserving other materials I Thi
Page 704 and 705:
Consolidation Powdering or flaking
Page 706 and 707:
synthetic materials, such as Paralo
Page 708 and 709:
shell or horn itself may be dyed wi
Page 710 and 711:
oration and brittleness. The cellul
Page 712 and 713:
to reverse if necessary. Gelatin ma
Page 714 and 715:
emoval. Dusting or wiping over the
Page 716 and 717:
Figure 15.4 Reverse side of a music
Page 718 and 719:
of electrolytes (e.g. after removin
Page 720 and 721:
gases, vapours, liquids and ions. T
Page 722 and 723:
when the object is handled. Researc
Page 724 and 725:
and graphite. They were commonly us
Page 726 and 727:
(a) (c) so if the treatment is to a
Page 728 and 729:
into consideration the importance a
Page 730 and 731:
Alkaline glycerol solution will rem
Page 732 and 733:
Figure 15.11 A gold snuff box, c.18
Page 734 and 735:
(1990) and CCI notes 9/7 (1993). Th
Page 736 and 737:
into the workplace. The type of exp
Page 738 and 739:
(a) (b) Figure 15.14 Use of pressur
Page 740 and 741:
ensure that any water residues are
Page 742 and 743:
The materials used in the decoratio
Page 744 and 745:
solvent creeping behind or undernea
Page 746 and 747:
Snow, C.E. and Weisser, T.D. (1984)
Page 748 and 749:
Koob, S.P. (1986) The use of Paralo
Page 750 and 751:
coatings that may have been applied
Page 752 and 753:
acrylic paint may be used if it is
Page 754 and 755:
16.2 Plastics 16.2.1 Introduction t
Page 756 and 757:
PVAC, Paraloid B72, ethylene vinyl
Page 758 and 759:
dyed by contract. Although this may
Page 760 and 761:
Textiles used in upholstery conserv
Page 762 and 763:
springs, iron tacks, or brass naili
Page 764 and 765:
Reapplication of lined textiles Sta
Page 766 and 767:
16.4 Leather, parchment and shagree
Page 768 and 769:
minium triformate or aluminium alko
Page 770 and 771:
(1991) reported that stronger bonds
Page 772 and 773:
y enzymatic or lime action and whic
Page 774 and 775:
The principles outlined above for s
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 16.12 Front rail of a ninete
Page 778 and 779:
may be appropriate for leather lini
Page 780 and 781:
If the surface is unaffected by spo
Page 782 and 783:
cation and characterization of the
Page 784 and 785:
may not be representative of the ki
Page 786 and 787:
Deoxycholate soap recipe 2 g deoxyc
Page 788 and 789:
that which occurs during the remova
Page 790 and 791:
(a) (b) (c) (d) 16.7.3 Cleaning [1]
Page 792 and 793:
In the past, abrasives such as rott
Page 794 and 795:
Wax has been used many times to inf
Page 796 and 797:
permanently etch the lacquer, leavi
Page 798 and 799:
etouching and coating of lacquer ob
Page 800 and 801:
(a) (b) Figure 16.23 Japanese inro
Page 802 and 803:
Extended exposure to polar solvents
Page 804 and 805:
Retouching may involve reproducing
Page 806 and 807:
ethical considerations. Objects tha
Page 808 and 809:
tion will need to be reduced accord
Page 810 and 811:
(a) (b) Figure 16.28 Filling with a
Page 812 and 813:
to worked through the gold leaf slo
Page 814 and 815:
Down, J.L., MacDonald, M.A., Willia
Page 816 and 817:
Rococo Lacquers, Arbeitshefte des B
Page 818 and 819:
Budden, S. (ed.) (1991) Gilding and
Page 820 and 821:
Index Aalto, Alvar, 36, 38 Abalone
Page 822 and 823:
Cabinetscraper, 449 Cabriole leg, 2
Page 824 and 825:
Comparison, 385 Composites, 129 Com
Page 826 and 827:
Electromotive force (EMF) series, 3
Page 828 and 829:
deterioration, 333-5 gesso grounds,
Page 830 and 831:
textiles, 351 wood, 290-1 for photo
Page 832 and 833:
extenders, 145 identification, 187,
Page 834 and 835:
plastics, 721 See also Coatings Rev
Page 836 and 837:
Textiles, 107-12, 120 conservation,
Page 838 and 839:
epair material selection, 437-9 woo
Page 840 and 841:
(a) (c) Plate 1 Detail of leather u
Page 842 and 843:
Plate 3 Side table (c.1775) designe
Page 844 and 845:
(a) (b) Plate 6 A tall case japanne
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