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SÉANCE SOLENNELLE D'OUVERTUREDIMANCHE 2 OCTOBRE 1910La séance est ouverte à 2 heures après-midi dans lagrande salle du Palais de l'Union des Républiques Américaines.Ont pris place au bureau : M. Wickersham, Ministre de la Justice(Attorney General, représentant du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, M. le professeur D r Charles-R. Henderson, présidentde la Commission pénitentiaire internationale, M. Z.-A.Brockway, a. directeur du pénitencier d'Elmira, M.Jules Rickl deBellye, président du Congrès pénitentiaire international de Budapest,M lue Isabelle-C. Barrows, MM. Fréd. Woxen, D r Guillaume,D'' Simon van der Aa, Sir Ruggles Brise, de Khrouleff, A. Schrameck,Victor Almquist, membres de la Commission pénitentiaireinternationale, M. Amos Butler, président de l'Associationpénitentiaire des Etats-Unis. Les autres délégués et représentantsdes autorités ou de sociétés américaines et européennesprésents à la séance étaient au nombre d'environ cent cinquante.M. Wickersham salue au nom du Gouvernement américainles délégués et autres assistants et prononce le discours suivant:WICKERSHAM, ATTORNEY GENERALLadies and Gentlemen of the International PrisonCongress :It is my privilège and my pleasure to welcome you, onbehalf of the Président of the United States, to our countryand our Capital. Although the original proposai for an internationalcongress on penitentiary and reformatory disciplinewas made by the Government of the United States, yet this,the eighth meeting of the Congress, is the first to be held inthis country; and it is, therefore, with especial pleasure that
_ 4 —welcome your appearance here, pursuant to the invitationof" the Président of the United States, which the Congress, byjoint resolution, approved March 3rd, 1905, authorized andrequested him to extend.The object of the first Congress was declared to be: "Tocollect reliable prison statistics, to gather information and tocompare expérience as to the working of différent prisonSystems, and the effect of various Systems of pénal législation;to compare the déterrent effects of various forms ot punishmentand treatment, and the methods adopted both for therepression and prévention of crime."This brief but comprehensive statement of the objects ofthe first Congress is an adéquate description of the purposesof its succeeding meetings. The value of the interchange ofthought and information .which has characterized thèse successivemeetings of thèse Congresses can hardly be exaggerated.It is mainly by means of such public meetings and discussionsas thèse that enlightened thought is enabled to mould législationand influence its enforcement.A great change has occurred in the attitude of civilizedcommunities toward the subject ot the prévention and punishmentof crime, since the writer of the book entitled "Thoughtson Executive Justice" with respect to "our Criminal Laws,particularly on the Circuits," published in London in 17S5,wrote :"As to the severity of our laws I know of one but of themost wholesome kind; for it is this alone that can deter thesavage minds of those who are the objects of that severityfrom the commission of those outrages and mischiefs againstwhich the severity of our laws is levied."The condition of thèse "wholesome laws" was describedby Blackstone, when he stated that: "among the variety oiactions, which men are daily liable to commit, no less than ahundred and sixty have been declared by act of parliamentto be félonies without benefit of clergy; or, in other words,to be worthy of instant death."It is true that even in 1785 the views of the writer of"Thoughts on Executive Justice," avowedly written for the— 5 —guidance of magistrates in the administration of the almostDraconian code of criminal law then in force in Great Britain,were not wholly prévalent among judges and magistrates inEngland, for Sir William Blackstone, shortly before that date,wrote in his Commentaries on the Laws of England :"As a conclusion to the whole, we may observe thatpunishments of unreasonable severity, especially when indiscriminatelyinflicted, have less effect in preventing crimes andamending the manners of a people than such as are moremerciful in gênerai, yet properly intermixed with the duedistinctions of severity * *. A multitude of sanguinary laws(besides the doubt that may be entertained concerning the rightof making them) do likewise prove a manifest defect eitherin the wisdom of the législative or the strength of the executivepower. It is a kind of quackery in government, and argues awant of solid skill, to apply the same universal remedy, theullimum supplicium, to every case of difficulty" (4 Black. Com.,pp. 16-18).Human law deals necessarily with the relation of humanbeings to organized society. It is only as it may affect therelation of individuals to organized society that governmentsare concerned with the relations of men with each other; andthe aim and object of ail criminal législation must be to securea gênerai compliance with the rules from time to time adoptedby organized society for its governance. Thèse rules prescribethe performance of certain things, and prohibit the doing ofothers. To secure compliance with such requirements punishmentshave been invented.Even so sanguinary a writer as the author of "Thoughtson Executive Justice" asserted that :"The prévention of crimes is the great end of ail légalseverity; nay, the exerting that severity by making examplesof the guilty has no other intention but to deter others andthus pursue the great end of prévention."And Blackstone declared the end or final cause of punishmentto be: "not by way of atonement or expiation for thecrime, committed; for that must be left to the just détermina-
Page 1 and 2: DEA LA DEMANDE DE LA COMMISSION PÉ
Page 3 and 4: IVMalheureusement cette fois-ci ce
Page 5 and 6: VIIIIXII 0 section. Questions péni
Page 7 and 8: CONGRÈS PÉNITENTIAIRE INTERNATION
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Page 23 and 24: PROGRAMME DES QUESTIONS.LQuestions
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Page 27 and 28: 1,11DEUXIÈME QUESTION.Quelles amé
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Page 61 and 62: PREMIÈRE SECTIONLÉGISLATION PÉNA
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— 94pénalité qu'une place plus
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- 98 —M. le prof. Vambéry. M. le
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— 102 —échéant, comme motivan
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— 106 —paternelle. Pour la pein
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- 110 —tion de malfaiteurs, pour
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DEUXIÈME SECTION.Questions pénite
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— 118 —En Russie, les grandes p
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— 122 —5° Le travail qui convi
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— 126 —Cette observation est ap
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- 130 —qu'il a fait et comment il
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— 134 —tème de la libération
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— 138 —Des chefs de police sont
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142 —se faire par voie de grâce.
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— 146 —M. Vidal (France). En Fr
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150 —qui auront été condamnés
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— 154 —par la Commission pénit
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TROISIÈME SECTIONMOYENS PRÉVENTIF
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Sikabony et le sien l ).— 162 —
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— 166 —mière résolution, le m
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— 170 —M. Thomas Holmes tient
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— 174 —et sévère. Il y a main
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— 178 —la nécessité d'établi
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- 182 —M. Edwin Mulready. Nous ne
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- 186 —nécessaire dans l'intér
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- 190 —séparément. Dès que cet
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— 194 —3° les vagabonds profes
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— 198 —libération. La l re cla
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— 202 —4. Monopole des métiers
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— 206 —M. le D 1 ' Cooke décla
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— 210 —dans la plupart des Etat
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— 214 —sans l'organisation d'un
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— 218IL Il est difficile, sinon i
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- 222 -Miss Rosa-M. Barrett, à Kin
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— 227 —«3. La défense (par d
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— 230 —préventive. Le mineur n
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— 234 —il en existe au tribunal
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— 238 —2. Il y aurait lieu de s
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— 242 —que désirent souvent r
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5— 246 —Séance du 4 octobre 19
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— 250 —M. William Healey, direc
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- 254 —Les enfants faibles d'espr
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— 258 —peut être qu'affirmativ
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— 262 —«Après examen de la qu
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- 266 -«5. Dans tous les cas où i
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— 270 —M me Marie Hofstcde, à
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— 274 —enfants sont trop enclin
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— 278 —se conforment à la loi
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- 282 —classes de travaux manuels
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— 286 —M. Néander estime que l
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— 290 —au bénéfice d'une pens
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— 294 —dans le monde et elle lu
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— 298 — — 299 —sur leur sor
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