JÄzyki Obce w Szkole - Biblioteka Cyfrowa OÅrodka Rozwoju Edukacji

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Języki Obce W Szkole n r 5/2008 l i s t o p a d/g r u d z i e ń lity and were used for decorating their homes and altars. The Romans, celebrated Saturnalia – a holiday in honor of Saturn, the god of peace and agriculture. Beginning in the week just before the winter solstice and continuing for a full month, Saturnalia was a hedonistic time, when food and drink were plentiful, gifts were exchanged, and the normal Roman social order was turned upside down. 3. . Peasants were in command of the city. Business and schools were closed so that everyone could join in the fun. Public gathering places were decorated with flowers and candles. Also around the time of the winter solstice, Romans celebrated Juvenalia, a feast honoring the children of Rome. In addition, members of the upper classes often celebrated the birthday of Mithra, the god of the unconquerable sun, on December 25. It was believed that Mithra, an infant god, was born of a rock. For some Romans, Mithra’s birthday was the most sacred day of the year. In the early years of Christianity, Easter was the main holiday; the birth of Jesus was not celebrated. In the fourth century, church officials decided to institute the birth of Jesus as a holiday. Unfortunately, the Bible does not mention date for his birth. Lucas, the Evangelist, writes ‘shepherds were keeping watch over their flock by night’ which suggests that Jesus’ birth may have occurred in the spring, the only time when shepherds must watch their flock because sheep give birth to their lambs, so at first it was established for the 6 January, and only Pope Julius I changed the date to December 25. 4. . First it was called the Feast of the Nativity (the birth of Jesus Christ). Soon it spread to Egypt, England (in the sixth century) and to Scandinavia (in the eighth century). Christmas held at the same time as traditional winter solstice festivals gradually replaced pagan religion, however adopted some of the pagan traditions. 5. . The poor went to the houses of the rich and demanded their best food and drink. If they were not given what they wanted, the visitors often terrorized the owners with mischief. The feasting, drinking, caroling for money and frequent excesses (riotous behavior) presented a drastic contrast with the simplicity of the Nativity and true spirit of Christmas, so finally, Oliver Cromwell cancelled Christmas. 6. . Christmas Day is the first of the Twelve Days of Christmas. The period is the amount of time it took the three magi, or wise men, to travel to Beth lehem for the Epiphany, the revelation of Jesus Christ as the savior and the son of God („epiphany” is from the Greek word for „revelation”). Today, in the Greek and Russian orthodox churches, Christmas is celebrated 13 days after the 25th, which is also called the Epiphany or Three Kings Day, the day when the three wise men finally found Jesus in the manger. Scan the text again and decide whether the statements are true or false. 1. Jesus Christ was probably born between March and May. 2. From the winter solstice days are getting longer. 3. Many pagan gods were believed to be born on 25 December. 4. Christmas has always been the most important Christian holiday. 5. The magi reached Bethlehem two weeks after Jesus’ birth. 6. Christmas has been celebrated on 25 December since the very birth of Jesus. Key: I. 1. reindeer, 2. gingerbread, 3. carols, 4. holy, 5. Saint Nicolas/Santa Claus/Santa, 6. Santa’s sleigh, 7. baubles, 8. mistletoe, 9. lights, 10. wreath, 11. stockings, 12. Christmas tree, 13. Santa’s hat, 14. chimney, 15. snowman. II. 1. church, the midnight mass, 2. the first star in the sky, Christmas Eve supper, 3. presents 4. some cookies and a cup of milk, 5. carols, 6. Christmas cards, Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, 7. Christmas Eve supper, 8. the place, 9. the table, one set of plates, 10. share the wafer, 11. Christmas dishes, 12. decorate, 13. some Christmas shopping. III. 1. mistletoe, 2. gingerbread, 3. Christmas tree, 4. angel, 5. candles, 6. wreath, 7. Christmas pudding, 8. nativity, 9. nut cracker, 10. Magi (Three Wise Men), 11. baubles, 12. snowman, 13. carollers, 14. stockings. 162
n r 5/2008 l i s t o p a d/g r u d z i e ń Języki Obce W Szkole Christmas dishes Christmas pudding, gingerbread Christmas decorations Christmas tree, wreath, mistletoe, baubles, candles, stockings, nut cracker Christmas symbols Nativity, Magi (Three Wise Men), angel, carollers IV. prepare traditional Christmas dishes, give presents, sing carols, clean up the place, share wafer, say the prayer, celebrate Christmas Eve supper, set the table. V. Ingredients: Students’ own ideas e.g.: family members, traditional dishes, carols, snow outside, Christmas greetings. Method: ●● Firstly, well before Christmas think of presents for your family and friends, then make them by yourself or buy them, then wrap them up in colourful paper or put into colourful bags. ●● Then, some time before this holiday clean up the place. ●● Just before Christmas decorate the place with wreaths, and other Christmas decorations, put up a Christmas tree and decorate it with lights, tinsels, baubles, angels etc. ●● Next do some Christmas shopping. ●● After that prepare traditional dishes i.e. cook beetroot soup, make ushka, bake poppyseed cake, gingerbread etc. ●● On Christmas Eve lay the table (don’t forget about some Polish traditions, so put one additional set of plates for an unexpected visitor; put some hay or coins under the tablecloth…). ●● Meanwhile wait for the first star to appear in the sky to start the supper. ●● As soon as you spot the first star in the sky, gather round the table with your family. ●● Say the prayer and then share the wafer with the others wishing them good health, happiness etc. ●● After that start to celebrate Christmas Eve supper. ●● Once you have finished the supper, wait for Saint Nicolas to bring you presents or look for them under the Christmas tree – unwrap them and enjoy them. ●● Later sit around the Christmas tree and sing carols. ●● Then, before midnight go to church to admire the nativity there and take part in the midnight mass, which is called in Polish Pasterka. ●● Then go back home, go to sleep and from the next morning enjoy the atmosphere of the other days of Christmas with the people you love. ●● Merry Christmas ;-) VII. 1. C, 2. E, 3. A, 4. G, 5. D, 6. B; 1. T, 2. T, 3. T, 4. F, 5. F, 6. F. (październik 2008) Katarzyna Deleżyńska 1 Warszawa Przyswajanie i utrwalanie słownictwa i gramatyki – ćwiczenia dla uczniów niesłyszących Praca z uczniem dysfunkcyjnym jest trudnym i wymagającym zadaniem, które nieustannie stawia przed nauczycielem nowe wyzwania. Zarówno nauczyciel, jak i uczeń są ograniczeni w metodach i technikach pracy z uwagi na bariery, których nie są w stanie pokonać. W pracy z uczniem niesłyszącym zadania bazujące na materiale słuchanym nie mogą być brane pod uwagę. Praca w parach lub grupach jest również bardzo ograniczona, podobnie jak zadania ćwiczące mówienie. W związku z tym w klasie integracyjnej jest niezwykle trudno umożliwić efektywną wspólną pracę całej grupie uczniów, zwłaszcza w sytuacji, gdy polski rynek wydawniczy nie ma żadnej oferty, ani dla nauczyciela pracującego z takimi grupami, ani dla ucznia. Zamieszczone poniżej ćwiczenia, które wykorzystuję, przygotowując uczniów niesłyszących do 1 Autorka jest nauczycielką języka angielskiego w Liceum Ogólnokształcącym im. Heleny Modrzejewskiej w Warszawie. 163
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