Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority - Air Force ...

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B-17 Flying Fortresses over northern 'hnisia.
5 Northwest Africa, 1942-1943 David Syrett American and British forces landed in French North Africa on November 8, 1942, and quickly seized Algeria and Morocco from the Vichy French regime. By the narrowest of margins, however, they failed to secure Tunisia before it was occupied by Axis forces. What followed was a protracted campaign to clear the enemy from all of North Africa, which became the first major offensive operation against German and Italian forces by the western Allies in World War 11. Allied victory in Tunisia eventually resulted from the ability of American, British, and Free French forces to conduct both combined and joint operations with minimal interallied and interservice friction. Solutions worked out during the Tunisian campaign concerning problems of command and control, logistics, tactics, doctrine, and the use of air power served as the basis for future campaigns from Sicily to Northwest Europe. The principles of command, control, and doctrine learned in Northwest Africa became part of United States Army Air Forces (AAF) field regulations underpinning how aviators viewed the acquisition and preservation of air superiority as well as other missions. When the Allies invaded Northwest Africa, they were unprepared to achieve the air superiority required to destroy Axis strongholds that had already arisen in Tunisia. Lack of advanced planning and experience led to almost insurmountable difficulties. Allied ineffectiveness resulted from the absence of all-weather airfields for a winter campaign; a shortage of aircraft, trained crews, fuel, spare parts, and munitions; poorly coordinated employment of bombardment, ground support, and air defense aviation; dispersal of air assets due to subordination of aviation to ground force requirements; as well as inadequate air-ground and interallied air coop- 223
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SPECIAL STUDIES Case Studies in the
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Foreword Writing in 1978, General W
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United States Air Force Historical
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Contents Foreword .................
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Savoia-Marchetti SM-79 ............
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EC-121 in flight over South Vietnam
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Offensive Against Germany, air supe
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1 Developments and Lessons before W
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Officer
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 learned
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 “supe
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 1918. I
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 objecti
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Left: Giulio Douhet: Below: Brig. G
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 keeping
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TABLE 1-1 Comparative Squadron Stre
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 of Loya
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 for a F
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Formati
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 availab
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 and per
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Accordi
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 arm cou
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 to more
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LESSONS BEFORE WOR .D WAR The Heink
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 suited
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The premier RAF fighters were the H
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 four cr
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 aviator
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 strateg
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 America
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Corps t
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 homefro
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 pursuit
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 United
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Kenneth
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Employm
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 1’Arm
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t LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Army
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2 The Luftwaffe Against Poland and
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND method whi
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4 .- . , Prominent Luftwaffe leader
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND influence
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The twin-e
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Czech airf
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND pilots mad
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND resistance
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND units, par
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND eight Batt
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND ture acros
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The campai
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND tially cha
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Battle of
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Schmid’s
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND forces abl
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND fighters.
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND now concen
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The Battle
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND TABLE 2-6
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Notes 1. S
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND had no int
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND AFHRC: K 1
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND tary sourc
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Deutschlan
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3 The Royal Air Force and the Battl
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN way to the far we
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN cross-Channel att
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FIGURE 3-1 Daily Fighter Command So
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN because they were
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fully conversant
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN assault against F
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN a small force, wh
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131
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN to so few.”I9 T
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN too weak to fight
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FIGURE 3-4 Production and Wastage o
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Spitfires of 610
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fighter’s prima
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN mand, deal with t
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FIGURE 3-5 RAF Manpower Ju139 Sept3
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN May, 533 in June,
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Fighter Command s
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN In the week endin
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~ ~~ BATTLE OF BRITAIN TABLE 3-1 RA
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN national characte
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN a run of less tha
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN to work out a lim
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Me-109s over enem
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN It was not as if
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN canes would soon
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN up assuming no fi
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fly, and thus the
Page 189 and 190: BATTLE OF BRITAIN example of the ty
Page 191 and 192: BATTLE OF BRITAIN 15. On gun develo
Page 193 and 194: BATTLE OF BRITAIN 67. Michael J. F.
Page 195 and 196: BATTLE OF BRITAIN Guide to the Sour
Page 197 and 198: 4 The Soviet Air Force Against Germ
Page 199 and 200: SOVIET AIR FORCE Stalin’s forced
Page 201 and 202: SOVIET AIR FORCE and Stalin saw muc
Page 203 and 204: SOVIET AIR FORCE Oborony], or GKO,
Page 205 and 206: SOVIET AIR FORCE airfields were eit
Page 207 and 208: SOVIET AIR FORCE had some 2,500 pla
Page 209 and 210: I T 191
Page 211 and 212: SOVIET AIR FORCE Organizational Cha
Page 213 and 214: SOVIET AIR FORCE Development of Air
Page 215 and 216: SOVIET AIR FORCE experience that ga
Page 217 and 218: SOVIET AIR FORCE July 1942, and by
Page 219 and 220: SOVIET AIR FORCE excellence. Anothe
Page 221 and 222: SOVIET AIR FORCE live up to expecta
Page 223 and 224: SOVIET AIR FORCE Soviet radar, or R
Page 225 and 226: SOVIET AIR FORCE The VVS was not on
Page 227 and 228: SOVIET AIR FORCE Ya. Malinovsky, wa
Page 229 and 230: SOVIET AIR FORCE pocket in early 19
Page 231 and 232: SOVIET AIR FORCE acy over the Easte
Page 233 and 234: SOVIET Am FORCE VVS in the Initial
Page 235 and 236: SOVIET AIR FORCE 80. Russian Air Fo
Page 237 and 238: SOVIET AIR FORCE Commanders, Genera
Page 239: SOVIET AIR FORCE articles about bot
Page 243 and 244: NORTHWEST AFRICA The failure of the
Page 245 and 246: NORTHWEST AFRICA command, and contr
Page 247 and 248: NORTHWEST AFRICA land forces tangle
Page 249 and 250: NORTHWEST AFRICA trast, their oppon
Page 251 and 252: NORTHWEST AFRICA Command Crisis Eis
Page 253 and 254: NORTHWEST AFRICA ter. Portal agreed
Page 255 and 256: J B . ... d Lt. Gen. Carl Spaatz, C
Page 257 and 258: NORTHWEST AFRICA The Allied Air For
Page 259 and 260: I-’-i I I First Eighth Northwest
Page 261 and 262: NORTHWEST AFRICA about by sending u
Page 263 and 264: NORTHWEST AFRICA Allied Air Support
Page 265 and 266: NORTHWEST AFRICA doctrine for the e
Page 267 and 268: NORTHWEST AFRICA their fighter esco
Page 269 and 270: NORTHWEST AFRICA the weight of the
Page 271 and 272: NORTHWEST AFRICA to stop movement o
Page 274 and 275: AIR SUPERIORITY twenty-eight of the
Page 276 and 277: AIR SUPERIORITY sorties a day. By J
Page 278 and 279: AIR SUPERIORITY missing, while they
Page 280 and 281: AIR SUPERIORITY ance from the enemy
Page 282 and 283: AIR SUPERIORITY mander. The superio
Page 284 and 285: AIR SUPERIORITY Notes 1. AAF Histor
Page 286 and 287: AIR SUPERIORITY 52. Memo by Spaatz,
Page 288 and 289: AIR SUPERIORITY History Institute a
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Martin B-26 Marauder, resplendent i
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AIR SUPERIORITY advantage in any tr
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AIR SUPERIORITY FIGURE 6-1 Allied a
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AIR SUPERIORITY standards at the en
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AIR SUPERIORITY resistant to battle
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AIR SUPERIORITY More specifically,
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N 00 N POLAND GERMANY 0 Beauvais Wi
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AIR SUPERIORITY Republic’s hefty
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FIGURE 6-2 Allied Command Structure
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AIR SUPERIORITY FIGURE 6-3 Eighth A
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AIR SUPERIORITY difference in speed
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AIR SUPERIORITY The increased stren
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AIR SUPERIORITY bombs would probabl
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AIR SUPERIORITY efforts of the stra
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AIR SUPERIORITY At the time, it was
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AIR SUPERIORITY It was the responsi
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AIR SUPERIORITY Luftwaffe prior to
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AIR SUPERIORITY of enemy reinforcem
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AIR SUPERIORITY stocks of fuel and
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AIR SUPERIORITY b Top-ranking Ameri
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AIR SUPERIORITY at very short range
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AIR SUPERIORITY production. USSTAF
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AIR SUPERIORITY ized fighter-bomber
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AIR SUPERIORITY 16. USSBS, MAD, “
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AIR SUPERIORITY Box 135. Hughes, ho
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AIR SUPERIORITY Bibliographical Ess
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AIR SUPERIORITY ing because British
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AIR SUPERIORITY Planning for the Pa
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AUSTRALIA 326
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AIR SUPERIORITY to Japanese fighter
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AIR SUPERIORITY highly trained Japa
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AIR SUPERIORITY Guadalcanal in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY 20, escort carrier
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Above: Marines storm ashore in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY attacks against a s
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AIR SUPERIORITY fighters. American
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AIR SUPERIORITY During the fighting
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AIR SUPERIORITY tional Allied air f
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AIR SUPERIORITY launched no more da
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AIR SUPERIORITY the great Japanese
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W VI 0
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AIR SUPERIORITY part to play in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY sixty-seven B-25s c
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AIR SUPERIORITY had been at Pearl H
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358
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AIR SUPERIORITY The preinvasion ach
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AIR SUPERIORITY bringing reinforcem
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AIR SUPERIORITY er, a transport, an
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AIR SUPERIORITY achieved, and in de
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AIR SUPERIORITY Sooner or later in
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AIR SUPERIORITY ning of the Leyte c
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AIR SUPERIORITY Notes 1. Thomas H.
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AIR SUPERIORITY 29. Craven and Cate
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AIR SUPERIORITY 11: The War in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY are the History of
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AIR SUPERIORITY Carroll Dyer, The A
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AIR SUPERIORITY be pedestrian, and
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AIR SUPERIORITY ority over the stra
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AIR SUPERIORITY As for the views of
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I 388
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AIR SUPERIORITY January 10, 1942, t
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THE DOOLITTLE RAID, Above: One of C
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AIR SUPERIORITY enemy aircraft were
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AIR SUPERIORITY Japanese critics as
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Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, Commander i
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AIR SUPERIORITY The Japanese Homela
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AIR SUPERIORITY ordered to disperse
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AIR SUPERIORITY more modest report
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AIR SUPERIORITY enemy’s defense s
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AIR SUPERIORITY in the spring of 19
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AIR SUPERIORITY With the intensific
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AIR SUPERIORITY time. This inabilit
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AIR SUPERIORITY the 10th Air Divisi
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AIR SUPERIORITY invasion, they reli
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AIR SUPERIORITY over the Ryukyus wi
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420
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AIR SUPERIORITY 10, at a cost of on
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AIR SUPERIORITY On the morning of A
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AIR SUPERIORITY that day; 3 Mustang
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AIR SUPERIORITY above them and lost
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AIR SUPERIORITY Force was finally a
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AIR SUPERIORITY Hellcats, Corsairs,
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AIR SUPERIORITY Ariake Bay, and Kus
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AIR SUPERIORITY drawal of aircraft
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AIR SUPERIORITY Conclusions This ch
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AIR SUPERIORITY Allied air power. T
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AIR SUPERIORITY In achieving de fuc
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AIR SUPERIORITY strategic alternati
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AIR SUPERIORITY 67. USSBS, Japanese
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AIR SUPERIORITY 125. “G-2 Estimat
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AIR SUPERIORITY (Washington, DC, 19
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AIR SUPERIORITY While carrying out
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AIR SUPERIORITY North Korea and the
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456
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458
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AIR SUPERIORITY TABLE 9-1 FEAF Orga
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AIR SUPERIORITY ‘ r on July 20, N
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AIR SUPERIORITY the carriers’ Com
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AIR SUPERIORITY from Sinuiju to Cho
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AIR SUPERIORITY cruised at very dif
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AIR SUPERIORITY the bullets fired a
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AIR SUPERIORITY vailed among the le
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AIR SUPERIORITY The Fourth FI Wing
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AIR SUPERIORITY F9F-2 Panther jets
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AIR SUPERIORITY across North Korea
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AIR SUPERIORITY the clouds by day a
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AIR SUPERIORITY obtain a bearing on
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AIR SUPERIORITY ing the B-29s durin
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AIR SUPERIORITY (See Table 9-9) The
Page 508 and 509:
AIR SUPERIORITY General Weyland, FE
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AIR SUPERIORITY teristics, high-spe
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AIR SUPERIORITY had drastically imp
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AIR SUPERIORITY Chinese and North K
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AIR SUPERIORITY mented their streng
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AIR SUPERIORITY opponents operating
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AIR SUPERIORITY 25. Gen G. E. Strat
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AIR SUPERIORITY Fighter Weapons Rev
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AIR SUPERIORITY weights Over Korea:
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AIR SUPERIORITY then governed aircr
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AIR SUPERIORITY kinds of targets in
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AIR SUPERIORITY The F-105 Thunderch
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AIR SUPERIORITY On March 31, 1968,
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AIR SUPERIORITY I I I I CINCPACFLT
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CHINA / LAOS THAILAND - North Vietn
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AIR SUPERIORITY winds were from the
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AIR SUPERIORITY forces. To facilita
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TABLE 10-3 Aircraft Assigned to Sou
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~ ~ ~ TABLE 10-5 Major USAF Bases i
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AIR SUPERIORITY never threatened U.
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AIR SUPERIORITY never need to engag
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SOUTHEAST ASIA The SA-2, however, w
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SOUTHEAST ASIA jamming static with
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Above: Aerial view of the Monkey Mo
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SOUTHEAST ASIA In April, the Presid
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SOUTHEAST ASIA MiG-21s tried a new
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SOUTHEAST ASIA aircraft guns, NVAF
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SOUTHEAST ASIA system.80 This probl
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SOUTHEAST ASIA later, in the 1972 L
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Air Force Base, Guam
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SOUTHEAST ASIA At the beginning of
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SOUTHEAST ASIA F-4 Phantom refuelin
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Conclusion U.S. forc
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SOUTHEAST ASIA however, were not re
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Notes I . The Pentag
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SOUTHEAST ASIA 72. Futrell, Aces an
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SOUTHEAST ASIA by Col. Delberth Cor
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11 The Israeli Experience Brereton
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Geo-Strategi
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE during the w
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE “fluid pai
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE The 16 C-47
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE destruction
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE The principl
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE air operatio
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE installation
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE it was proba
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE oil embargo
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE been a failu
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE An Israeli A
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Very early o
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE when the Sky
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Consequently
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE ities and fi
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE In the last
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE usual speed.
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE and one Phan
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE 38. Trevor D
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE 133. Dupuy,
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE King Hussein
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12 Some Concluding Insights I. B. H
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CONCLUSION the problems of tomorrow
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CONCLUSION commander must avoid dis
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CONCLUSION principle of concentrati
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diversity in spare parts. Unless Ai
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CONCLUSION with the enemy. Given th
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CONCLUSION to make the best possibl
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CONCLUSION that a major responsibil
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CONCLUSION the most promising, albe
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Contributors LEONARD BAKER was a jo
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CONTRIBUTORS Out of the Shadows: Ca
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CONTRIBUTORS Theater, 1944-45 ,”
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Index ABDA (American-British- Dutch
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INDEX 11-28: 523 MiG-15: 525, 546 M
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INDEX priorities of: 227 weekly cas
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INDEX 401 -402 effectiveness of, No
Page 661 and 662:
INDEX Black Sunday, for Allied bomb
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INDEX Coastwatchers in New Guinea:
Page 665 and 666:
INDEX commander, Eighth Air Force:
Page 667 and 668:
INDEX Fall Weiss: 74 Falmouth. Engl
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INDEX defeat of, imminent: 257 defe
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~ INDEX USMC squadrons in: 546 Head
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INDEX 308-313 in Southeast Asia: 62
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INDEX Japan: 386 Kenley. England, a
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INDEX in Battle of Britain: 100, 12
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INDEX created: 246 strength of: 256
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INDEX Nile River Israeli air attack
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INDEX 505-506, 554 air superiority
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INDEX attacks on: 460, 484 capital:
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INDEX Royal Auxiliary Air Force, fo
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INDEX Warfare: 180 Solomon Islands.
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INDEX Sugawara, Michio, commander,
Page 693 and 694:
INDEX role of: 165-166 Union of Sov
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INDEX See also Air superiority. air
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INDEX 395, 408 Western Desert Air F
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