Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority - Air Force ...

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A formation of Henschel Hs-l23s, armed with small 50-kg bombs, takes off on a support mission during Hitler’s offensive against Poland.
2 The Luftwaffe Against Poland and the West Williamson Murray When World War I1 began on September 1, 1939, the generally held assumption among airmen was that strategic bombing would be the mode in which air forces would fight the coming war. The Germans held similar assumptions to beliefs that were prevalent in the U.S. Army Air Forces (AAF) and the Royal Air Force (RAF). But they were also open to a wider strategic view on the employment of air power: that the destruction of the enemy air force and the achievement of air superiority, and the support for the army’s efforts on the ground (particularly interdiction), were equally worthwhile tasks. As a result, the Luftwaffe was the best prepared of all the world’s air forces in 1939 to fight a realistic campaign to support overall military objectives. This essay attempts to lay out the general framework within which the Luftwaffe approached the problem of air superiority before and during the first campaigns of the Second World War. It aims to give the reader an understanding of the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the German approach to air superiority and how those strengths and weaknesses contributed to the campaigns of 1939 and 1940. Lessons of World War I When World War I ended in November 1918, there was little clarity about the role of air power in modern war except that it represented a dimension that no major nation could safely ignore. If the full employment 65
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SPECIAL STUDIES Case Studies in the
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Foreword Writing in 1978, General W
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United States Air Force Historical
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Contents Foreword .................
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Savoia-Marchetti SM-79 ............
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EC-121 in flight over South Vietnam
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Offensive Against Germany, air supe
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1 Developments and Lessons before W
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Officer
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 learned
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 “supe
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 1918. I
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 objecti
Page 31 and 32: Left: Giulio Douhet: Below: Brig. G
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Page 35 and 36: TABLE 1-1 Comparative Squadron Stre
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Page 39 and 40: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 for a F
Page 41 and 42: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Formati
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Page 57 and 58: The premier RAF fighters were the H
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Page 87 and 88: 4 .- . , Prominent Luftwaffe leader
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Page 91 and 92: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The twin-e
Page 93 and 94: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Czech airf
Page 95 and 96: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND pilots mad
Page 97 and 98: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND resistance
Page 99 and 100: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND units, par
Page 101 and 102: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND eight Batt
Page 103 and 104: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND ture acros
Page 105 and 106: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The campai
Page 107 and 108: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND tially cha
Page 109 and 110: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Battle of
Page 111 and 112: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Schmid’s
Page 113 and 114: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND forces abl
Page 115 and 116: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND fighters.
Page 117 and 118: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND now concen
Page 119 and 120: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The Battle
Page 121 and 122: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND TABLE 2-6
Page 123 and 124: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Notes 1. S
Page 125 and 126: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND had no int
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Page 129 and 130: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND tary sourc
Page 131 and 132: LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Deutschlan
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3 The Royal Air Force and the Battl
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN way to the far we
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN cross-Channel att
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FIGURE 3-1 Daily Fighter Command So
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN because they were
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fully conversant
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN assault against F
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN a small force, wh
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131
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN to so few.”I9 T
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN too weak to fight
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FIGURE 3-4 Production and Wastage o
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Spitfires of 610
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fighter’s prima
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN mand, deal with t
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FIGURE 3-5 RAF Manpower Ju139 Sept3
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN May, 533 in June,
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Fighter Command s
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN In the week endin
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~ ~~ BATTLE OF BRITAIN TABLE 3-1 RA
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN national characte
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN a run of less tha
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN to work out a lim
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Me-109s over enem
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN It was not as if
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN canes would soon
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN up assuming no fi
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fly, and thus the
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN example of the ty
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN 15. On gun develo
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN 67. Michael J. F.
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Guide to the Sour
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4 The Soviet Air Force Against Germ
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Stalin’s forced
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SOVIET AIR FORCE and Stalin saw muc
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Oborony], or GKO,
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SOVIET AIR FORCE airfields were eit
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SOVIET AIR FORCE had some 2,500 pla
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I T 191
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Organizational Cha
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Development of Air
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SOVIET AIR FORCE experience that ga
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SOVIET AIR FORCE July 1942, and by
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SOVIET AIR FORCE excellence. Anothe
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SOVIET AIR FORCE live up to expecta
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Soviet radar, or R
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SOVIET AIR FORCE The VVS was not on
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Ya. Malinovsky, wa
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SOVIET AIR FORCE pocket in early 19
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SOVIET AIR FORCE acy over the Easte
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SOVIET Am FORCE VVS in the Initial
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SOVIET AIR FORCE 80. Russian Air Fo
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Commanders, Genera
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SOVIET AIR FORCE articles about bot
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5 Northwest Africa, 1942-1943 David
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NORTHWEST AFRICA The failure of the
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NORTHWEST AFRICA command, and contr
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NORTHWEST AFRICA land forces tangle
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NORTHWEST AFRICA trast, their oppon
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NORTHWEST AFRICA Command Crisis Eis
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NORTHWEST AFRICA ter. Portal agreed
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J B . ... d Lt. Gen. Carl Spaatz, C
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NORTHWEST AFRICA The Allied Air For
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I-’-i I I First Eighth Northwest
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NORTHWEST AFRICA about by sending u
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NORTHWEST AFRICA Allied Air Support
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NORTHWEST AFRICA doctrine for the e
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NORTHWEST AFRICA their fighter esco
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NORTHWEST AFRICA the weight of the
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NORTHWEST AFRICA to stop movement o
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AIR SUPERIORITY twenty-eight of the
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AIR SUPERIORITY sorties a day. By J
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AIR SUPERIORITY missing, while they
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AIR SUPERIORITY ance from the enemy
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AIR SUPERIORITY mander. The superio
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AIR SUPERIORITY Notes 1. AAF Histor
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AIR SUPERIORITY 52. Memo by Spaatz,
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AIR SUPERIORITY History Institute a
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Martin B-26 Marauder, resplendent i
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AIR SUPERIORITY advantage in any tr
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AIR SUPERIORITY FIGURE 6-1 Allied a
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AIR SUPERIORITY standards at the en
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AIR SUPERIORITY resistant to battle
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AIR SUPERIORITY More specifically,
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N 00 N POLAND GERMANY 0 Beauvais Wi
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AIR SUPERIORITY Republic’s hefty
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FIGURE 6-2 Allied Command Structure
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AIR SUPERIORITY FIGURE 6-3 Eighth A
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AIR SUPERIORITY difference in speed
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AIR SUPERIORITY The increased stren
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AIR SUPERIORITY bombs would probabl
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AIR SUPERIORITY efforts of the stra
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AIR SUPERIORITY At the time, it was
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AIR SUPERIORITY It was the responsi
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AIR SUPERIORITY Luftwaffe prior to
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AIR SUPERIORITY of enemy reinforcem
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AIR SUPERIORITY stocks of fuel and
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AIR SUPERIORITY b Top-ranking Ameri
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AIR SUPERIORITY at very short range
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AIR SUPERIORITY production. USSTAF
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AIR SUPERIORITY ized fighter-bomber
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AIR SUPERIORITY 16. USSBS, MAD, “
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AIR SUPERIORITY Box 135. Hughes, ho
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AIR SUPERIORITY Bibliographical Ess
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AIR SUPERIORITY ing because British
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AIR SUPERIORITY Planning for the Pa
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AUSTRALIA 326
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AIR SUPERIORITY to Japanese fighter
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AIR SUPERIORITY highly trained Japa
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AIR SUPERIORITY Guadalcanal in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY 20, escort carrier
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Above: Marines storm ashore in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY attacks against a s
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AIR SUPERIORITY fighters. American
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AIR SUPERIORITY During the fighting
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AIR SUPERIORITY tional Allied air f
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AIR SUPERIORITY launched no more da
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AIR SUPERIORITY the great Japanese
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W VI 0
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AIR SUPERIORITY part to play in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY sixty-seven B-25s c
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AIR SUPERIORITY had been at Pearl H
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358
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AIR SUPERIORITY The preinvasion ach
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AIR SUPERIORITY bringing reinforcem
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AIR SUPERIORITY er, a transport, an
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AIR SUPERIORITY achieved, and in de
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AIR SUPERIORITY Sooner or later in
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AIR SUPERIORITY ning of the Leyte c
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AIR SUPERIORITY Notes 1. Thomas H.
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AIR SUPERIORITY 29. Craven and Cate
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AIR SUPERIORITY 11: The War in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY are the History of
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AIR SUPERIORITY Carroll Dyer, The A
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AIR SUPERIORITY be pedestrian, and
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AIR SUPERIORITY ority over the stra
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AIR SUPERIORITY As for the views of
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I 388
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AIR SUPERIORITY January 10, 1942, t
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THE DOOLITTLE RAID, Above: One of C
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AIR SUPERIORITY enemy aircraft were
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AIR SUPERIORITY Japanese critics as
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Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, Commander i
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AIR SUPERIORITY The Japanese Homela
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AIR SUPERIORITY ordered to disperse
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AIR SUPERIORITY more modest report
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AIR SUPERIORITY enemy’s defense s
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AIR SUPERIORITY in the spring of 19
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AIR SUPERIORITY With the intensific
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AIR SUPERIORITY time. This inabilit
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AIR SUPERIORITY the 10th Air Divisi
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AIR SUPERIORITY invasion, they reli
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AIR SUPERIORITY over the Ryukyus wi
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420
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AIR SUPERIORITY 10, at a cost of on
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AIR SUPERIORITY On the morning of A
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AIR SUPERIORITY that day; 3 Mustang
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AIR SUPERIORITY above them and lost
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AIR SUPERIORITY Force was finally a
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AIR SUPERIORITY Hellcats, Corsairs,
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AIR SUPERIORITY Ariake Bay, and Kus
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AIR SUPERIORITY drawal of aircraft
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AIR SUPERIORITY Conclusions This ch
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AIR SUPERIORITY Allied air power. T
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AIR SUPERIORITY In achieving de fuc
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AIR SUPERIORITY strategic alternati
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AIR SUPERIORITY 67. USSBS, Japanese
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AIR SUPERIORITY 125. “G-2 Estimat
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AIR SUPERIORITY (Washington, DC, 19
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AIR SUPERIORITY While carrying out
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AIR SUPERIORITY North Korea and the
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456
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458
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AIR SUPERIORITY TABLE 9-1 FEAF Orga
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AIR SUPERIORITY ‘ r on July 20, N
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AIR SUPERIORITY the carriers’ Com
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AIR SUPERIORITY from Sinuiju to Cho
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AIR SUPERIORITY cruised at very dif
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AIR SUPERIORITY the bullets fired a
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AIR SUPERIORITY vailed among the le
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AIR SUPERIORITY The Fourth FI Wing
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AIR SUPERIORITY F9F-2 Panther jets
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AIR SUPERIORITY across North Korea
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AIR SUPERIORITY the clouds by day a
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AIR SUPERIORITY obtain a bearing on
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AIR SUPERIORITY ing the B-29s durin
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AIR SUPERIORITY (See Table 9-9) The
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AIR SUPERIORITY General Weyland, FE
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AIR SUPERIORITY teristics, high-spe
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AIR SUPERIORITY had drastically imp
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AIR SUPERIORITY Chinese and North K
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AIR SUPERIORITY mented their streng
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AIR SUPERIORITY opponents operating
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AIR SUPERIORITY 25. Gen G. E. Strat
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AIR SUPERIORITY Fighter Weapons Rev
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AIR SUPERIORITY weights Over Korea:
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AIR SUPERIORITY then governed aircr
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AIR SUPERIORITY kinds of targets in
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AIR SUPERIORITY The F-105 Thunderch
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AIR SUPERIORITY On March 31, 1968,
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AIR SUPERIORITY I I I I CINCPACFLT
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CHINA / LAOS THAILAND - North Vietn
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AIR SUPERIORITY winds were from the
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AIR SUPERIORITY forces. To facilita
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TABLE 10-3 Aircraft Assigned to Sou
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~ ~ ~ TABLE 10-5 Major USAF Bases i
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AIR SUPERIORITY never threatened U.
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AIR SUPERIORITY never need to engag
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SOUTHEAST ASIA The SA-2, however, w
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SOUTHEAST ASIA jamming static with
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Above: Aerial view of the Monkey Mo
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SOUTHEAST ASIA In April, the Presid
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SOUTHEAST ASIA MiG-21s tried a new
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SOUTHEAST ASIA aircraft guns, NVAF
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SOUTHEAST ASIA system.80 This probl
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SOUTHEAST ASIA later, in the 1972 L
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Air Force Base, Guam
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SOUTHEAST ASIA At the beginning of
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SOUTHEAST ASIA F-4 Phantom refuelin
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Conclusion U.S. forc
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SOUTHEAST ASIA however, were not re
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Notes I . The Pentag
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SOUTHEAST ASIA 72. Futrell, Aces an
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SOUTHEAST ASIA by Col. Delberth Cor
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11 The Israeli Experience Brereton
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Geo-Strategi
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE during the w
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE “fluid pai
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE The 16 C-47
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE destruction
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE The principl
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE air operatio
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE installation
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE it was proba
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE oil embargo
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE been a failu
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE An Israeli A
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Very early o
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE when the Sky
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Consequently
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE ities and fi
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE In the last
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE usual speed.
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE and one Phan
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE 38. Trevor D
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE 133. Dupuy,
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE King Hussein
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12 Some Concluding Insights I. B. H
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CONCLUSION the problems of tomorrow
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CONCLUSION commander must avoid dis
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CONCLUSION principle of concentrati
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diversity in spare parts. Unless Ai
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CONCLUSION with the enemy. Given th
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CONCLUSION to make the best possibl
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CONCLUSION that a major responsibil
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CONCLUSION the most promising, albe
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Contributors LEONARD BAKER was a jo
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CONTRIBUTORS Out of the Shadows: Ca
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CONTRIBUTORS Theater, 1944-45 ,”
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Index ABDA (American-British- Dutch
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INDEX 11-28: 523 MiG-15: 525, 546 M
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INDEX priorities of: 227 weekly cas
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INDEX 401 -402 effectiveness of, No
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INDEX Black Sunday, for Allied bomb
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INDEX Coastwatchers in New Guinea:
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INDEX commander, Eighth Air Force:
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INDEX Fall Weiss: 74 Falmouth. Engl
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INDEX defeat of, imminent: 257 defe
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~ INDEX USMC squadrons in: 546 Head
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INDEX 308-313 in Southeast Asia: 62
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INDEX Japan: 386 Kenley. England, a
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INDEX in Battle of Britain: 100, 12
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INDEX created: 246 strength of: 256
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INDEX Nile River Israeli air attack
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INDEX 505-506, 554 air superiority
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INDEX attacks on: 460, 484 capital:
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INDEX Royal Auxiliary Air Force, fo
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INDEX Warfare: 180 Solomon Islands.
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INDEX Sugawara, Michio, commander,
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INDEX role of: 165-166 Union of Sov
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INDEX See also Air superiority. air
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INDEX 395, 408 Western Desert Air F
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