Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority - Air Force ...

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transformation into a nuclear-armed strike aircraft, now that popular wisdom held that surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles foreshadowed the end of the era of “classic” air combat. That prediction collapsed in the face of the Vietnam war and the experiences of the Middle East. The 1970s witnessed both a revolution in fighter aircraft design (spawned by the technology advances of the 1960s and 1970s) and a return to basics in both design fundamentals and the training of fighter pilots. Operations in the Falklands war, over the Bekaa Valley, and most recently, during DESERT STORM confirmed not only the benefits of this revolution and rediscovery, but also the enduring importance of air superiority. During DESERT STORM (which occurred while this book was in press) the airmen of the United States Air Force established air superiority over Iraq and occupied Kuwait from the outset of the war, defeating the Iraqi air force both in the air and on the ground. By so doing, they created the conditions essential for decisive air war. Strike and support aircraft and helicopters could go about their duties without fear of molestation from enemy aircraft. Iraq’s forces, pinned in place, were denied any respite from punishing air attack. Because of coalition air supremacy, coalition land operations could be undertaken with an assurance, speed, and rapidity of pace never before seen in warfare. Bluntly stated, the Gulf war demonstrated that with air superiority, General Norman Schwarzkopf could undertake his famed “Hail Mary” play. Lacking air superiority, Iraq paid dearly. Its 111 Corps became vulnerable to air attack-stuck in a traffic jam out of Kuwait City on the “Highway of Death.” Air superiority, like democracy itself, must be constantly secured and renewed. In recognition of this, the United States Air Force is developing the F-22 Advanced Tactical Fighter to ensure that America retains its technological edge well into the 21st century. The case studies in this volume, encompassing several major air-to-air battles, eloquently demonstrate why the quest for air superiority remains critically important for today’s Air Force. RICHARD P. HALLION Air Force Historian
United States Air Force Historical Advisory Committee Professor Roger E. Bilstein University of Houston Clear Lake Dr. Christopher J. Bowie The RAND Corporation Lt. Gen. Charles G, Boyd Commander, Air University Professor Wayne S. Cole University of Maryland College Park Lt. Gen. Bradley C. Hosmer Superintendent, USAF Academy Col. Donaid S. Lopez USAF, Retired National Air and Space Museum Mr. Felix C. Lowe Smithsonian Institution Press Dr. Peter Paret Institute for Advanced Study Ms. Ann Petersen The General Counsel, USAF Gen. Bryce Poe, I1 USAF, Retired Air Force Historical Foundation
Page 1 and 2: SPECIAL STUDIES Case Studies in the
Page 3: Foreword Writing in 1978, General W
Page 9 and 10: Contents Foreword .................
Page 11 and 12: Savoia-Marchetti SM-79 ............
Page 13: EC-121 in flight over South Vietnam
Page 16 and 17: Offensive Against Germany, air supe
Page 19 and 20: 1 Developments and Lessons before W
Page 21 and 22: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Officer
Page 23 and 24: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 learned
Page 25 and 26: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 “supe
Page 27 and 28: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 1918. I
Page 29 and 30: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 objecti
Page 31 and 32: Left: Giulio Douhet: Below: Brig. G
Page 33 and 34: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 keeping
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 1-1 Comparative Squadron Stre
Page 37 and 38: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 of Loya
Page 39 and 40: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 for a F
Page 41 and 42: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Formati
Page 43 and 44: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 availab
Page 45 and 46: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 and per
Page 47 and 48: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Accordi
Page 49 and 50: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 arm cou
Page 51 and 52: LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 to more
Page 53 and 54: LESSONS BEFORE WOR .D WAR The Heink
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 suited
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The premier RAF fighters were the H
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 four cr
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 aviator
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 strateg
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 America
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Corps t
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 homefro
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 pursuit
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 United
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Kenneth
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Employm
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LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 1’Arm
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t LESSONS BEFORE WORLD WAR I1 Army
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2 The Luftwaffe Against Poland and
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND method whi
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4 .- . , Prominent Luftwaffe leader
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND influence
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The twin-e
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Czech airf
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND pilots mad
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND resistance
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND units, par
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND eight Batt
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND ture acros
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The campai
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND tially cha
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Battle of
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Schmid’s
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND forces abl
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND fighters.
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND now concen
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND The Battle
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND TABLE 2-6
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Notes 1. S
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND had no int
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND AFHRC: K 1
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND tary sourc
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LUFTWAFFE AGAINST POLAND Deutschlan
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3 The Royal Air Force and the Battl
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN way to the far we
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN cross-Channel att
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FIGURE 3-1 Daily Fighter Command So
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN because they were
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fully conversant
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN assault against F
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN a small force, wh
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131
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN to so few.”I9 T
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN too weak to fight
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FIGURE 3-4 Production and Wastage o
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Spitfires of 610
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fighter’s prima
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN mand, deal with t
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FIGURE 3-5 RAF Manpower Ju139 Sept3
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN May, 533 in June,
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Fighter Command s
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN In the week endin
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~ ~~ BATTLE OF BRITAIN TABLE 3-1 RA
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN national characte
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN a run of less tha
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN to work out a lim
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Me-109s over enem
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN It was not as if
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN canes would soon
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN up assuming no fi
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN fly, and thus the
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN example of the ty
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN 15. On gun develo
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN 67. Michael J. F.
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BATTLE OF BRITAIN Guide to the Sour
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4 The Soviet Air Force Against Germ
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Stalin’s forced
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SOVIET AIR FORCE and Stalin saw muc
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Oborony], or GKO,
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SOVIET AIR FORCE airfields were eit
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SOVIET AIR FORCE had some 2,500 pla
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I T 191
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Organizational Cha
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Development of Air
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SOVIET AIR FORCE experience that ga
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SOVIET AIR FORCE July 1942, and by
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SOVIET AIR FORCE excellence. Anothe
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SOVIET AIR FORCE live up to expecta
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Soviet radar, or R
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SOVIET AIR FORCE The VVS was not on
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Ya. Malinovsky, wa
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SOVIET AIR FORCE pocket in early 19
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SOVIET AIR FORCE acy over the Easte
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SOVIET Am FORCE VVS in the Initial
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SOVIET AIR FORCE 80. Russian Air Fo
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SOVIET AIR FORCE Commanders, Genera
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SOVIET AIR FORCE articles about bot
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5 Northwest Africa, 1942-1943 David
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NORTHWEST AFRICA The failure of the
Page 245 and 246:
NORTHWEST AFRICA command, and contr
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NORTHWEST AFRICA land forces tangle
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NORTHWEST AFRICA trast, their oppon
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NORTHWEST AFRICA Command Crisis Eis
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NORTHWEST AFRICA ter. Portal agreed
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J B . ... d Lt. Gen. Carl Spaatz, C
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NORTHWEST AFRICA The Allied Air For
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I-’-i I I First Eighth Northwest
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NORTHWEST AFRICA about by sending u
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NORTHWEST AFRICA Allied Air Support
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NORTHWEST AFRICA doctrine for the e
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NORTHWEST AFRICA their fighter esco
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NORTHWEST AFRICA the weight of the
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NORTHWEST AFRICA to stop movement o
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AIR SUPERIORITY twenty-eight of the
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AIR SUPERIORITY sorties a day. By J
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AIR SUPERIORITY missing, while they
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AIR SUPERIORITY ance from the enemy
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AIR SUPERIORITY mander. The superio
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AIR SUPERIORITY Notes 1. AAF Histor
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AIR SUPERIORITY 52. Memo by Spaatz,
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AIR SUPERIORITY History Institute a
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Martin B-26 Marauder, resplendent i
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AIR SUPERIORITY advantage in any tr
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AIR SUPERIORITY FIGURE 6-1 Allied a
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AIR SUPERIORITY standards at the en
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AIR SUPERIORITY resistant to battle
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AIR SUPERIORITY More specifically,
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N 00 N POLAND GERMANY 0 Beauvais Wi
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AIR SUPERIORITY Republic’s hefty
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FIGURE 6-2 Allied Command Structure
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AIR SUPERIORITY FIGURE 6-3 Eighth A
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AIR SUPERIORITY difference in speed
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AIR SUPERIORITY The increased stren
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AIR SUPERIORITY bombs would probabl
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AIR SUPERIORITY efforts of the stra
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AIR SUPERIORITY At the time, it was
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AIR SUPERIORITY It was the responsi
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AIR SUPERIORITY Luftwaffe prior to
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AIR SUPERIORITY of enemy reinforcem
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AIR SUPERIORITY stocks of fuel and
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AIR SUPERIORITY b Top-ranking Ameri
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AIR SUPERIORITY at very short range
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AIR SUPERIORITY production. USSTAF
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AIR SUPERIORITY ized fighter-bomber
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AIR SUPERIORITY 16. USSBS, MAD, “
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AIR SUPERIORITY Box 135. Hughes, ho
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AIR SUPERIORITY Bibliographical Ess
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AIR SUPERIORITY ing because British
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AIR SUPERIORITY Planning for the Pa
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AUSTRALIA 326
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AIR SUPERIORITY to Japanese fighter
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AIR SUPERIORITY highly trained Japa
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AIR SUPERIORITY Guadalcanal in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY 20, escort carrier
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Above: Marines storm ashore in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY attacks against a s
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AIR SUPERIORITY fighters. American
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AIR SUPERIORITY During the fighting
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AIR SUPERIORITY tional Allied air f
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AIR SUPERIORITY launched no more da
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AIR SUPERIORITY the great Japanese
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W VI 0
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AIR SUPERIORITY part to play in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY sixty-seven B-25s c
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AIR SUPERIORITY had been at Pearl H
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358
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AIR SUPERIORITY The preinvasion ach
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AIR SUPERIORITY bringing reinforcem
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AIR SUPERIORITY er, a transport, an
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AIR SUPERIORITY achieved, and in de
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AIR SUPERIORITY Sooner or later in
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AIR SUPERIORITY ning of the Leyte c
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AIR SUPERIORITY Notes 1. Thomas H.
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AIR SUPERIORITY 29. Craven and Cate
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AIR SUPERIORITY 11: The War in the
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AIR SUPERIORITY are the History of
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AIR SUPERIORITY Carroll Dyer, The A
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AIR SUPERIORITY be pedestrian, and
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AIR SUPERIORITY ority over the stra
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AIR SUPERIORITY As for the views of
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I 388
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AIR SUPERIORITY January 10, 1942, t
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THE DOOLITTLE RAID, Above: One of C
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AIR SUPERIORITY enemy aircraft were
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AIR SUPERIORITY Japanese critics as
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Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, Commander i
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AIR SUPERIORITY The Japanese Homela
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AIR SUPERIORITY ordered to disperse
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AIR SUPERIORITY more modest report
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AIR SUPERIORITY enemy’s defense s
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AIR SUPERIORITY in the spring of 19
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AIR SUPERIORITY With the intensific
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AIR SUPERIORITY time. This inabilit
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AIR SUPERIORITY the 10th Air Divisi
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AIR SUPERIORITY invasion, they reli
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AIR SUPERIORITY over the Ryukyus wi
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420
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AIR SUPERIORITY 10, at a cost of on
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AIR SUPERIORITY On the morning of A
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AIR SUPERIORITY that day; 3 Mustang
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AIR SUPERIORITY above them and lost
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AIR SUPERIORITY Force was finally a
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AIR SUPERIORITY Hellcats, Corsairs,
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AIR SUPERIORITY Ariake Bay, and Kus
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AIR SUPERIORITY drawal of aircraft
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AIR SUPERIORITY Conclusions This ch
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AIR SUPERIORITY Allied air power. T
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AIR SUPERIORITY In achieving de fuc
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AIR SUPERIORITY strategic alternati
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AIR SUPERIORITY 67. USSBS, Japanese
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AIR SUPERIORITY 125. “G-2 Estimat
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AIR SUPERIORITY (Washington, DC, 19
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AIR SUPERIORITY While carrying out
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AIR SUPERIORITY North Korea and the
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456
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458
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AIR SUPERIORITY TABLE 9-1 FEAF Orga
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AIR SUPERIORITY ‘ r on July 20, N
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AIR SUPERIORITY the carriers’ Com
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AIR SUPERIORITY from Sinuiju to Cho
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AIR SUPERIORITY cruised at very dif
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AIR SUPERIORITY the bullets fired a
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AIR SUPERIORITY vailed among the le
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AIR SUPERIORITY The Fourth FI Wing
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AIR SUPERIORITY F9F-2 Panther jets
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AIR SUPERIORITY across North Korea
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AIR SUPERIORITY the clouds by day a
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AIR SUPERIORITY obtain a bearing on
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AIR SUPERIORITY ing the B-29s durin
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AIR SUPERIORITY (See Table 9-9) The
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AIR SUPERIORITY General Weyland, FE
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AIR SUPERIORITY teristics, high-spe
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AIR SUPERIORITY had drastically imp
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AIR SUPERIORITY Chinese and North K
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AIR SUPERIORITY mented their streng
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AIR SUPERIORITY opponents operating
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AIR SUPERIORITY 25. Gen G. E. Strat
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AIR SUPERIORITY Fighter Weapons Rev
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AIR SUPERIORITY weights Over Korea:
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AIR SUPERIORITY then governed aircr
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AIR SUPERIORITY kinds of targets in
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AIR SUPERIORITY The F-105 Thunderch
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AIR SUPERIORITY On March 31, 1968,
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AIR SUPERIORITY I I I I CINCPACFLT
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CHINA / LAOS THAILAND - North Vietn
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AIR SUPERIORITY winds were from the
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AIR SUPERIORITY forces. To facilita
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TABLE 10-3 Aircraft Assigned to Sou
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~ ~ ~ TABLE 10-5 Major USAF Bases i
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AIR SUPERIORITY never threatened U.
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AIR SUPERIORITY never need to engag
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SOUTHEAST ASIA The SA-2, however, w
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SOUTHEAST ASIA jamming static with
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Above: Aerial view of the Monkey Mo
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SOUTHEAST ASIA In April, the Presid
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SOUTHEAST ASIA MiG-21s tried a new
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SOUTHEAST ASIA aircraft guns, NVAF
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SOUTHEAST ASIA system.80 This probl
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SOUTHEAST ASIA later, in the 1972 L
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Air Force Base, Guam
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SOUTHEAST ASIA At the beginning of
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SOUTHEAST ASIA F-4 Phantom refuelin
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Conclusion U.S. forc
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SOUTHEAST ASIA however, were not re
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SOUTHEAST ASIA Notes I . The Pentag
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SOUTHEAST ASIA 72. Futrell, Aces an
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SOUTHEAST ASIA by Col. Delberth Cor
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11 The Israeli Experience Brereton
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Geo-Strategi
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE during the w
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE “fluid pai
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE The 16 C-47
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE destruction
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE The principl
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE air operatio
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE installation
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE it was proba
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE oil embargo
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE been a failu
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE An Israeli A
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Very early o
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE when the Sky
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE Consequently
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE ities and fi
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE In the last
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE usual speed.
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE and one Phan
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE 38. Trevor D
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE 133. Dupuy,
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THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE King Hussein
Page 629 and 630:
12 Some Concluding Insights I. B. H
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CONCLUSION the problems of tomorrow
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CONCLUSION commander must avoid dis
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CONCLUSION principle of concentrati
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diversity in spare parts. Unless Ai
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CONCLUSION with the enemy. Given th
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CONCLUSION to make the best possibl
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CONCLUSION that a major responsibil
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CONCLUSION the most promising, albe
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Contributors LEONARD BAKER was a jo
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CONTRIBUTORS Out of the Shadows: Ca
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CONTRIBUTORS Theater, 1944-45 ,”
Page 653 and 654:
Index ABDA (American-British- Dutch
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INDEX 11-28: 523 MiG-15: 525, 546 M
Page 657 and 658:
INDEX priorities of: 227 weekly cas
Page 659 and 660:
INDEX 401 -402 effectiveness of, No
Page 661 and 662:
INDEX Black Sunday, for Allied bomb
Page 663 and 664:
INDEX Coastwatchers in New Guinea:
Page 665 and 666:
INDEX commander, Eighth Air Force:
Page 667 and 668:
INDEX Fall Weiss: 74 Falmouth. Engl
Page 669 and 670:
INDEX defeat of, imminent: 257 defe
Page 671 and 672:
~ INDEX USMC squadrons in: 546 Head
Page 673 and 674:
INDEX 308-313 in Southeast Asia: 62
Page 675 and 676:
INDEX Japan: 386 Kenley. England, a
Page 677 and 678:
INDEX in Battle of Britain: 100, 12
Page 679 and 680:
INDEX created: 246 strength of: 256
Page 681 and 682:
INDEX Nile River Israeli air attack
Page 683 and 684:
INDEX 505-506, 554 air superiority
Page 685 and 686:
INDEX attacks on: 460, 484 capital:
Page 687 and 688:
INDEX Royal Auxiliary Air Force, fo
Page 689 and 690:
INDEX Warfare: 180 Solomon Islands.
Page 691 and 692:
INDEX Sugawara, Michio, commander,
Page 693 and 694:
INDEX role of: 165-166 Union of Sov
Page 695 and 696:
INDEX See also Air superiority. air
Page 697 and 698:
INDEX 395, 408 Western Desert Air F
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